OCTOBER 9 WORLD EVENTS

OCTOBER 9 WORLD EVENTS PAST AND PRESENT

1. World Post Day 2023: Universal Postal Union

Introduction:

World Post Day is celebrated annually on October 9 to raise awareness of the postal service's importance and its contribution to social and economic development.

The Theme for World Post Day 2023:

The theme for World Post Day 2023 is "Together for Trust: Collaborating for a Safe and Connected Future." This theme highlights the role of the postal sector in building trust and connecting people and communities around the world.

Historical Background:

World Postal Day, 9 October, marks the foundation day of a UNO body named General Postal Union in 1874 with the signing of the Treaty of Bern in the capital city of Switzerland for establishing coordination among the UNO-affiliated nations in the postal sector. In 1878, its name was changed to Universal Postal Union at the Paris Congress session to reflect its growing global membership. The Universal Postal Union designated 9 October as World Postal Day in 1969 at its 16th UNU Congress held in Tokyo, Japan.

2. Indian American Heritage Day:

Introduction:

Indian American Heritage Day is celebrated on October 9th each year in the United States. It is a day to honour the contributions of Indian Americans to the United States and to celebrate their rich culture and heritage.

Indian Americans have made significant contributions to the United States in various fields, including science, technology, medicine, business, the arts, and the government sector and helped in the socio-economic development of the USA.

History of Indian American Heritage Day:

Indian American Heritage Day was first celebrated in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation designating the day to honour the contributions of Indian Americans. The day was officially recognized by Congress in 2001.

3. Algeria Oran Earthquake: 9th October 1790

Introduction:

On October 9, 1790, a powerful earthquake struck the city of Oran, located on the Northern West coast of Algeria, killing an estimated 3,000 people and destroying much of the city. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.5 and was followed by a number of aftershocks. The Oran earthquake was one of the deadliest earthquakes in Algerian history.

Oran Earthquake Devastation:

The earthquake caused widespread damage in Oran, with many buildings collapsing, roads buckling, and power and water lines severed. The earthquake also triggered a tsunami that struck the coast of Algeria and other countries (Spain) in the Mediterranean Sea.

Oran Earthquake Geological:

The city of Oran comes under High Seismic Zones and Tectonic destruction of Eurasian and African plates.

4. Youngest Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: Murder Attempt

Education Rights Activist:

Malala Yousafzai, a teenage Pakistani school girl is a symbol of courage in Pakistan. She stood up to the Taliban and fought for the right of all girls to an education. Even after being shot in the head, on 9th October 2012 by a Taliban militant she refused to be silenced after recovery and became a source of inspiration to all fighting for the rights of women especially for the rights of girl's education.

Nobel Prize Award: World Record

In 2014, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts to promote the right of girls to an education at the age of 17 and made a world record to become the Youngest Nobel Laureate.

History Of Noble Prize Founder: Sir Alfred Noble

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, and industrialist who invented dynamite (1867) and other more powerful explosives. He also founded the Nobel Prizes, a series of annual prizes awarded for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1833. Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy, in 1896 at the age of 63. The Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901, and they have been awarded annually ever since.

Trending, 2023 Noble Prize Laureate:

1. Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences:

Claudia Goldin (Harvard University) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for her work on female labour force participation. She has shown how gender differences in earnings and employment rates have changed over time, and she has identified the key factors that have driven these changes. Her research has helped to inform policymakers and businesses about how to promote gender equality in the workplace.

2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine:

Katalin Karikó (University of Pennsylvania) and Drew Weissman (University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine) were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their pioneering work in mRNA technology. mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine that has been shown to be very effective against COVID-19. Karikó and Weissman's work has paved the way for the development of mRNA vaccines for other diseases, such as cancer and malaria.

3. Nobel Prize in Physics:

Pierre Agostini (University of Paris-Saclay), Ferenc Krausz (Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics), and Anne L'Huillier (University of Uppsala) were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their groundbreaking experimental techniques generating attosecond pulses of light. Attoseconds are one-billionth of a billionth of a second. Attosecond pulses of light can be used to study the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules. Their research has the potential to lead to new developments in fields such as electronics and medicine.

4. Nobel Prize in Chemistry: 

Moungi G. Bawendi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Louis E Brus (Columbia University), and Alexei I. Ekimov (Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences) were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery and synthesis of quantum dots. Quantum dots are tiny nanoparticles whose properties depend on their size. Quantum dots have a wide range of applications, including in solar cells, LEDs, and bioimaging.

5. Nobel Prize in Literature: Jon Fosse (Norwegian author) Fosse was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his innovative plays and prose. His work is characterized by its poetic language and its focus on the human condition.

6. Nobel Peace Prize: 

Narges Mohammadi (Iranian activist) Mohammadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her unwavering commitment to promoting human rights and freedom. Mohammadi has been arrested and imprisoned multiple times for her activism, but she has continued to speak out against injustice. She is a symbol of hope for all who are fighting for a better future in Iran.

 OCTOBER 8 WORLD EVENTS

 

1. Battle of Angamos: 8th October 1879

Introduction:

The Battle of Angamos was a decisive naval battle of the War of the Pacific that took place on October 8, 1879, at Punta Angamos, off the coast of Peru. The battle resulted in the capture of the Peruvian ironclad warship Huáscar by the Chilean Navy, giving Chile uncontested control of the Pacific coast of Peru and allowing the Chilean Army to invade Peru.

Background: The War of the Pacific was a conflict between Chile and the allied forces of Peru and Bolivia from 1879 to 1883. The war was fought over territorial disputes and access to natural resources. The Chilean Navy was much stronger than the Peruvian and Bolivian navies, which played a decisive role in the Chilean victory.

The Aftermath of the Battle of Angamos: The Battle of Angamos was a decisive victory for Chile and gave the Chilean Navy uncontested control of the Pacific coast of Peru and allowed the Chilean Army to invade Peru. The battle is considered one of the most important naval battles in Latin American history.

2. World Octopus Day 8th October: What You Need to Know:

What is World Octopus Day?

World Octopus Day is an annual event celebrated on October 8th to raise awareness about octopuses and the importance of their conservation in marine habitats. Octopuses are highly sensitive and adaptable creatures that play an important role in marine ecosystems.

Why are octopuses important? In marine ecosystems, Octopuses play the role of predators and help to check the populations of lower marine animals, such as crabs, shrimp, and fish in balance. Octopuses are also scavengers, and they help to clean up the ocean floor. They are a popular food source in many cultures and are also used in the medical field.

Threats to octopuses: Octopuses are facing a number of threats, including overfishing, habitat loss, and climate change. Overfishing: Octopuses are often caught as bycatch in fisheries targeting other species. This is a major threat to octopuses, as it is estimated that millions of octopuses are caught accidentally each year. Habitat loss: Coastal development and pollution are destroying the habitats of octopuses. Octopuses need healthy coral reefs and other rocky habitats to live and breed. Climate change: Climate change is causing ocean acidification and warming, which can stress and kill octopuses. Ocean acidification makes it difficult for octopuses to produce shells, and warming can cause octopuses to overheat.

3. Alvin C. York Day: Celebrating a World War I, US Hero:

Introduction:

Alvin C. York Day is annually celebrated on 8th of the October to pay tribute to a US soldier Alvin C. York for his brave actions against German forces in World War I. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration in the US. Alvin C. York Day is a reminder of the courage and sacrifice of American soldiers who have fought for their country.

Alvin C. York's heroic actions: On October 8, 1918, York and his platoon were ambushed by a German machine gun nest during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. York's platoon was quickly overwhelmed, and York was forced to act alone. He killed at least 25 German soldiers and captured 132 prisoners, single-handedly turning the tide of the battle.

4. Croatian Parliament Day: Celebrating Croatia's Independence and Democracy

What is Croatian Parliament Day?

Croatian Parliament Day is celebrated annually on October 8th to remember this date in 1991 when the Croatian Parliament unanimously passed the Decision to Break All-State and Legal Ties from the erstwhile Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and became an independent nation.

5. Russia Launches Missile Strikes on Civilian Targets in Ukraine After Attack on Kerch Bridge

Kerch Bridge Explosion:

On October 8, 2022, a powerful explosion damaged the Kerch Bridge, which connects Crimea to Russia. The explosion caused a fire and the collapse of two spans of the bridge. The explosion is believed to be the work of Ukrainian forces. 

Significance of Kerch Bridge:

Kerch Bridge was a symbol of Russian control over Crimea, annexed from Ukraine in 2014. The Kerch Bridge is a key supply route for Russian forces in Crimea. and its damage could make it more difficult for Russia to sustain its military operations in Crimea. 

Aftermath of Kerch Bridge Explosion: The next day, Russia responded to the attack by launching dozens of missiles at civilian targets in Ukraine, including Kyiv, Lviv, and Kharkiv. The missile strikes killed at least 19 people and injured dozens more. The attacks are a war crime, and they show that Russia is willing to target civilians in retaliation for attacks on its military infrastructure.

6. The Beginning of Commercial Radio in the UK: LBC launched on October 8, 1973:

What is commercial radio? Commercial radio is radio broadcasting that is funded by advertising revenue. It is in contrast to public radio, which is funded by government grants or listener donations. Why was commercial radio introduced in the UK? Commercial radio was introduced in the UK in response to the growing popularity of pirate radio stations. Pirate radio stations were illegally broadcasting in the UK since the early 1960s, and they were very popular with young listeners. The government decided to introduce commercial radio in order to compete with the pirate radio stations and to provide listeners with a wider choice of radio programming. What was the first commercial radio station in the UK? LBC (London Broadcasting Company) was the first commercial radio station to launch in the UK. It began broadcasting on VHF and medium wave on October 8, 1973. What impact has commercial radio had on British radio? The introduction of commercial radio in the UK was a major development in the history of British radio. It marked the end of the BBC's monopoly on radio broadcasting and it gave listeners a wider choice of radio programming. Commercial radio has also played a significant role in promoting British music and culture.

7. 1952 Harrow and Wealdstone Rail Crash: The Deadliest Peacetime Rail Disaster in British History:

Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash:

On October 8, 1952, morning time, a Perth to Euston express train overshot a signal and crashed into the rear of a local train that was standing at the platform at Harrow and Wealdstone station in London. The impact forced the local train forward into a third train, which was waiting on the adjacent line. The force of the collision was so great that several carriages were derailed. The wreckage was strewn across the tracks and the platform, and there were fires in several of the carriages. It killed 112 people and injured 340 others.

8. Indian Air Force Day: 91st Birth Anniversary of Indian Air Force.

Indian Air Force Day: Indian Air Force Day is celebrated annually on October 8th to commemorate the formation of the Indian Air Force in 1932. The Indian Air Force is also known as Bharathiya Vayu Sena which is one of the three major units of the Indian defence dedicated to the aerial protection of India. Indian Air Force played a crucial and decisive role in the war with China and Pakistan, especially in the liberation of Bangladesh. The 91st Air Force Day will be celebrated in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh. This year's Air Force Day motto is Nabham Sparsham Deeptham which means touch the sky with glory.

9. 1990 Temple Mount killings: A Turning Point in the First Intifada.

Introduction:

Israeli policemen killed 17 Palestinians and wounded over 100 near the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem on October 8, 1990. The incident, known as the Temple Mount killings or Al Aqsa Massacre, is considered to be one of the turning points in the First Intifada.

Background to the Temple Mount killings

The First Intifada was a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation that began in 1987. The uprising was fueled by Palestinian anger over Israeli land confiscations, economic hardship, and human rights abuses.

The Temple Mount is a site that is sacred to both Jews and Muslims. It is located in the Old City of Jerusalem and is home to the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque.

On October 8, 1990, a group of Jewish extremists announced plans to lay the cornerstone for a new temple on the Temple Mount. The Israeli government had banned the ceremony, but the group of Jewish extremists attempted to go ahead with it anyway.

OCTOBER 7 WORLD EVENTS

1. Women Admitted to Oxford University as Full Members, October 7, 1920: 

Introduction:

On October 7, 1920, women became eligible for admission as full members of Oxford University and were imparted the right to take degrees. A significant milestone in the fight for gender equality in education.

Historical Background:

Women had been studying at Oxford University for decades before 1920, but they had not been able to take degrees or participate as full-time students at the university. They were only allowed to attend Oxford as students of Somerville College, Lady Margaret Hall, and St Hugh's College, which were all women's colleges. They were not allowed to take degrees or to participate in the full life of the university.

The Campaign for Full Membership:

In 1884, Oxford University established the Association for the Education of Women (AEW). The AEW was responsible for providing women with access to Oxford's libraries and laboratories. However, women were still not allowed to take degrees.

The campaign for women to be admitted as full members of Oxford began in the early 20th century. which was led by a number of prominent women, including Emily Penrose, the principal of Somerville College, and Henrietta Jex-Blake, the founder of the London School of Medicine for Women.

The Vote to Admit Women:

In 1920, the university's Congregation, which is its governing body, voted to admit women as full members by a margin of 148 to 41.

Conclusion:

The admission of women to Oxford University as full members on October 7, 1920, was a major victory for the women's suffrage movement. It was a sign that society was finally beginning to accept the concept that women were just as capable as men of achieving academic excellence.

2. Luna 3: First Photographs of the Dark Side of the Moon

Introduction:

On 7th October 1959, the USSR spacecraft Luna 3 became the first spacecraft to photograph the dark side of the Moon. The spacecraft took 29 photos of the sunlit far side of the Moon from a distance of 63,500 km.

The Luna 3 Mission:

Luna 3 was launched on October 4, 1959. It was a small spacecraft, weighing only about 279 kilograms. Luna 3 was equipped with a camera and a radio transmitter. On October 7, 1959, Luna 3 passed behind the Moon and it took 29 photographs of the far side. The photographs were taken over a period of 40 minutes and were developed onboard the spacecraft. After developing the photographs, Luna 3 transmitted them back to Earth and was received on October 18, 1959.

3. Infrared Photography: A Revolution in Medical and Aerial Photography

Introduction:

On 7th October 1931, the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories in Rochester, New York, took the first U.S. short-exposure infrared photograph of a large group of people in apparently total darkness. The photograph was taken in a room that was flooded with invisible infrared light.

Applications of Infrared Photography:

Infrared photography is used in a variety of applications, including:

1. Medical imaging: Infrared photography can be used to image blood vessels, tumours, and other internal structures.

2. Aerial photography: Infrared photography can be used to identify vegetation, camouflage, and other objects that are difficult to see in visible light.

3. Security: Infrared photography can be used to detect intruders and other security threats.

4. Second Battle of Saratoga: 

Introduction:

On October 7, 1777, American forces defeated British forces under General John Burgoyne in the Second Battle of Saratoga. This victory was a turning point in the American Revolutionary War, as it led to the surrender of Burgoyne's army and convinced France to enter the war on the side of the Americans.

The Battle:

The Second Battle of Saratoga took place near the village of Saratoga Springs in New York. Burgoyne wants to capture Albany. Burgoyne launched an attack on the American positions on Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777. The attack was initially successful, but the Americans were able to rally and drive the British back. The battle ended in a stalemate, but the British suffered heavy casualties. Burgoyne surrendered his army to the Americans. 

5. Operation Enduring Freedom: Global War on Terror

Introduction:

The global military campaign was launched by the United States and its allies in response to the September 11 attacks. Operation Enduring Freedom was the longest war in American history, lasting from 2001 to 2021 and was a part of the Global War on Terror initiated by the US.

Goals of Operation Enduring Freedom:

The primary goals of OEF were to:

1. Destroy al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks.

2. Remove the Taliban regime from power in Afghanistan.

3. Prevent Afghanistan from being used as a safe haven for terrorists.

Course of the War:

1. Start:

OEF began on October 7, 2001, with airstrikes against al-Qaeda and Taliban targets in Afghanistan. The United States also deployed ground troops to Afghanistan to help the Afghan Northern Alliance fight the Taliban.

2. Achievement:

In December 2001, the Taliban regime was overthrown and al-Qaeda leaders fled the country. However, al-Qaeda and the Taliban continued to operate in Afghanistan and the war dragged on for two decades.

3. End:

OEF officially ended on December 31, 2014, but the United States continued to maintain a small military presence in Afghanistan to support the Afghan government and security forces.

4. Post-war:

The United States withdrew all of its remaining troops from Afghanistan in August 2021, after the Taliban regained control of the country.

 OCTOBER 3 WORLD EVENTS

Morazan's Day in Honduras: A Celebration of National Pride

Introduction

Morazan's Day is a Honduran national holiday celebrated on October 3rd in honour of Francisco Morazan, the former president of the Federal Republic of Central America. Morazan was a military general who fought for the independence of Central America from Spain, and he is considered to be one of the most important figures in Honduran history.

History of Morazan's Day

Morazan's Day was first celebrated in 1904, and it was officially declared a national holiday in 1931. The holiday is named after Francisco Morazan, who was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras in 1792. He joined the military at a young age and quickly rose through the ranks. In 1821, he led the Honduran army to victory in the Battle of San Salvador, which helped to secure independence for Central America from Spain.

Morazan was elected president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1830 to 1839. He implemented a number of reforms during his presidency, including the separation of church and state, the abolition of the slavery system, the establishment of free public education, and the promotion of economic development.

Morazan was overthrown in 1839 and was eventually executed in 1842. However, his legacy continues to live on in Honduras. He is considered to be a national hero, and Morazan's Day is one of the most important holidays in the country.

OCTOBER 5 WORLD EVENTS

 OCTOBER 5 WORLD EVENTS

The Kidnapping of James Cross: 5th October Crisis

 

The four militants of the FLQ group had kidnapped James Richard Cross, British Trade Commissioner, from his home situated in Montreal Canada, on the morning of 5 October 1970. They enter his home in the dress of the delivery boy in the pretence of delivering the parcel. The (FLQ): Front de libération du Québec, a separatist militant group, blacklist by the Canadian government was a terrorist oganisation.

Algeria October Riots 1988: 5 October 

Introduction:

The 1988 October Riots were a series of violent protests that took place in Algeria between October 5 and 11, 1988, sparked by a number of factors, including economic hardship, political repression, and a lack of job opportunities for young people.

Causes:

The October Riots were the culmination of years of economic hardship and political repression in Algeria. The country had been in a state of economic crisis since the early 1980s, with a high rate of unemployment and inflation. The government was also authoritarian, and there was little freedom of speech or assembly.

Course:

The October Riots began in the capital city of Algiers and quickly spread to other cities and towns across the country. Thousands of young people took to the streets, chanting slogans against the government and demanding radical change. The rioters vandalized property, looted shops, and set the public and government property on fire.

Impact:

The Algerian government responded to the riots with a heavy hand. Security forces opened fire on the rioters, killing hundreds of people. The government also imposed a curfew and arrested thousands of people.

The October Riots led to the resignation of President Chadli Bendjedid and the introduction of a number of democratic reforms. 

Tien Shan Earthquake 2008:  Reverse Faulting Tectonic 

Introduction

The 2008 Tien Shan earthquake occurred on October 5, 2008, in the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains, near the intersection of the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and China. The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.7 and caused widespread damage in the region.

Causes:

The 2008 Tien Shan earthquake was caused by reverse faulting. Reverse faulting occurs when two tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced over the other. In the case of the 2008 Tien Shan earthquake, the Indian Plate was colliding with the Eurasian Plate.

Mechanism:

The mechanism of reverse faulting can be explained as follows:

1. The two tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced over the other.

2. The overriding plate bends and accumulates stress.

3. When the stress becomes too great, the overriding plate breaks and thrusts over the underlying plate. This causes an earthquake.

Characteristics of seismic waves:

The seismic waves radiated by the earthquake source provide evidence for the thrust nature of faulting. Thrust faulting typically produces earthquakes with a focal mechanism that is characterized by a strong P-wave push and a weak S-wave pull. This is because the overriding plate is thrusting over the underlying plate, which produces a compressive force.

 

SEPTEMBER 29 WORLD EVENTS

Mark Foley Scandal: 29 September

Introduction:

The Mark Foley scandal was a political scandal that erupted in the United States in 2006. It involved the revelation that Mark Foley, a Republican congressman from Florida, had sent sexually suggestive emails and instant messages to underage boys.

The scandal began when ABC News reported on September 29, 2006, that Foley had sent sexually suggestive emails to a 16-year-old former congressional page in 2005. The next day, Foley admitted to sending the emails and resigned from Congress.

Mark Foley Scandal Background:

Foley had been a member of Congress since 1995. He was known for his conservative views on social issues, including his opposition to same-sex marriage. He was also a close ally of House Speaker Dennis Hastert.

In 2005, Foley began sending sexually suggestive emails to a 16-year-old former congressional page. The boy's parents eventually discovered the emails and reported them to the House Ethics Committee.

The Ethics Committee investigated the matter and found that Foley had violated House rules. However, the committee did not take any disciplinary action against Foley.

The Impact of the Scandal:

The Mark Foley scandal had a significant impact on American politics. It led to the resignation of several high-ranking Republican officials, including Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert. The scandal also damaged the Republican Party's reputation and contributed to its defeat in the 2006 midterm elections.

The Mark Foley scandal also had a significant impact on the lives of the boys who were targeted by Foley. Many of the boys suffered from emotional trauma, and some of them dropped out of school or withdrew from social activities.

Conclusion:

The Mark Foley scandal is a reminder of the importance of protecting children from sexual abuse. It is also a reminder of the importance of holding adults accountable for their actions, even if they are powerful and influential.

 OCTOBER 4 WORLD EVENTS

Mozambique Civil War Ends with Rome General Peace Accords (1992)

[Article Keywords: Mozambique Civil War, FRELIMO, RENAMO, Mozambique Independence, Historical, Rome General Peace Accords, Mozambique Civil War Resolution, Peace and Stability]

Introduction:

The Rome General Peace Accords were a landmark agreement signed on October 4, 1992, ending the Mozambican Civil War, which lasted for 16 years, causing innumerable loss of life and property. The agreement was a major breakthrough for Mozambique, and it ushered in a new era of peace and prosperity.

Historical Background:

The Mozambican Civil War broke out in 1977, shortly after Mozambique gained independence from Portugal. It was fought between the government of Mozambique, FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front) which was supported by the Soviet Union and its allies and the rebel group RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance) which was supported by the United States and its allies. 

The Mozambican Civil War was largely fought over ideological differences. The government was a socialist state, while RENAMO was a right-wing rebel group. The war also had ethnic dimensions, with the government being dominated by the Shangaan ethnic group and RENAMO being dominated by the Ndau ethnic group.

Impact and Legacy:

The Rome General Peace Accords were negotiated with the help of the United Nations and the Italian government which included provisions of the ceasefire, the demobilization of both sides' forces, the humanitarian aid and the holding of multi-party elections. It was estimated that lacs of people were killed and displaced apart from widespread damage to the infrastructure and the economy in the Mozambican Civil War.

MARK FOLEY CYBERSEX SCANDAL: DRUDGE REPORT 

[Article Keywords: Mark Foley, cybersex scandal, Drudge Report, 18-year-old teen, no evidence, underage boys, sexual abuse]

The Drudge Report is a conservative news website that is known for its breaking news coverage. It is run by Matt Drudge, who has been described as one of the most influential journalists in the world. The Drudge Report is known for publishing exclusive stories and for its often sensationalist headlines.

The Drudge Report alleged that one teen with whom Mark Foley engaged in cybersex during a House vote was 18 years old at the time of the communications. However, this allegation has never been verified, and there is no evidence to support it. In fact, all of the other teens who have come forward about being contacted by Foley have been underage. This suggests that the Drudge Report's allegation may be inaccurate.

LESOTHO INDEPENDENCE DAY: 4TH OCTOBER 

Introduction

Lesotho (erstwhile known as Basutolad) became independent from the imperialism rule of the British on 4th October 1966. 

The Road to Independence

Lesotho was a British protectorate since 1868, and the British were reluctant to give up control. However, the Basotho people were determined to become independent, and they fought for their freedom for many years.

In 1955, the Basutoland Council passed a resolution demanding self-government. The British initially resisted this demand, but they eventually agreed to a gradual process of constitutional reform. In 1965, the first elections were held under a new constitution that gave the Basotho people a greater degree of autonomy. On October 4, 1966, Lesotho became a fully independent country. King Moshoeshoe II became the country's first head of state. Lesotho has been a member of the United Nations since 1966, and it is also a member of the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.

 

Geographical Location of Lesotho

Lesotho is a small landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent and is totally embedded in the map of the South African nation with a Capital city Maseru.

[Article Keywords: Lesotho independence, Basutoland, United Kingdom, King Moshoeshoe II, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, southern Africa, South Africa, Eswatini, Thabana Ntlenyana, mohair, diamonds]

MEXICO ADOPTS A NEW CONSTITUTION AND BECOMES A FEDERAL REPUBLIC in 1824:

Introduction:

On October 4, 1824, Mexico adopted a new constitution and became a federal republic. This was a major milestone in the country's history, as it marked the end of its colonial period and the beginning of its independent existence. The new constitution also laid the foundation for Mexico's modern democracy.

Historical Background

Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. However, the country was initially ruled by a monarchy under Emperor Agustin I who was overthrown in 1823, and Mexico entered a period of instability and political turmoil.

In 1824, a new Constituent Congress was convened to draft a new constitution for Mexico. The congress was made up of delegates from all over the country, and they represented a wide range of political views. But, all the delegates were united to establish a stable and democratic government.

BATTLE OF BROODSRINDE: 4th October 1917

Introduction

The Battle of Broodseinde was fought on October 4, 1917, during World War I, which was part of the Third Battle of Ypres, a series of battles fought between the British and German armies in Flanders, Belgium.

Background

The Third Battle of Ypres was launched by the British in September 1917, with the aim of breaking through the German lines and capturing the Belgian ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge. The Battle of Broodseinde was a major victory for the British, which helped them to turn the tide of the Third Battle of Ypres and showed that the British were capable of developing new and effective tactics.

THE BATTLE OF CABLE STREE: A CLASH OF IDEOLOGIES

Introduction

The Battle of Cable Street was a violent clash between the Metropolitan Police and various anti-fascist organizations on October 4, 1936, in Cable Street, East London. The ideological clash was the culmination of tensions between the Fascist and Antifascist groups, which had been growing for several months.

Background

The British Union of Fascists (BUF), led by Oswald Mosley, was a fascist political party that was popular in the 1930s. The BUF was known for its Anti-Semitic and anti-communist rhetoric, and it often held marches and rallies in East London, which was home to a large Jewish population. The anti-fascist organizations were determined to prevent the BUF march from taking place. A violent clash started and the police used batons, horses, and water cannons against the demonstrators. The demonstrators responded with stones, bottles, and other projectiles.

OCTOBER 2 WORLD EVENTS

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF NON-VIOLENCE: CELEBRATING MAHATMA GANDHI'S LEGACY ON 2nd OCTOBER

[Article Keywords: International Day of Non-Violence, Mahatma Gandhi, Legacy, Peace, Harmony, Gandhi's Philosophy, Ahimsa, UNGA]

International Day of Non-Violence: Introduction

The International Day Of Non-Violence has been annually celebrated globally on 2nd October since 2007 when this day was designated by the UNGA in honour of Mahatma Gandhi's Birth Anniversary and his principle of Non-Violence (Ahimsa) as a tool of social and political change that promotes peace and harmony worldwide. 

Historical Background: The United Nations' Recognition

On 15 June 2007, the United Nations General Assembly officially recognized October 2nd as the International Day of Non-Violence. This recognition underscores the global significance of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of peaceful protest and civil disobedience in resolving conflicts, promoting tolerance, and establishing a more just and peaceful world.

CARANDIRU MASSACRE: BRAZIL JAIL INMATES KILLING

[Article Related Keywords: Carandiru massacre, mass killing, prison riot, human rights violation, Brazil, São Paulo]

Event Description:

The Carandiru Massacre was a brutal mass killing of innocent jail inmates by the Military Police Forces in the Prison Centre of Carandiru Penitentiary, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The prisoners were outcrying for poor conditions, ill-treatment, overcrowding and corruption prevailing in the jail at that time. On the 2nd of October in 1992, their protest was at a peak as they were united among themselves and wanted their demand to be fulfilled. The Prison authorities called the Military Police to overcome the protesting prisoners but the Military Police outburst the Jail and shot more than 100 prisoners. The Carandiru Massacre became a subject of debate over human rights violations around the world.

WOODROW WILSON'S STROKE: EDITH THE FIRST LADY WHO RUNS US PRESIDENT OFFICE

[Article Related Keywords: Edith Wilson, First Lady, Woodrow Wilson, stroke, presidency, government, history, US, America, USA]

Event Description:

On 2nd October 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson suffered a serious stroke, when two years of his presidency tenure was left. The left side of his body was paralysed rendering him unfit to rejoin the president's office. Wilson's wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson took charge of his husband and ran the country effectively and smoothly in difficult times of US history.

US B-1 BOMBER PROGRAM & 100 MX MISSILES: US WINDOW OF VULNERABILITY

[Article Related Keywords: Ronald Reagan, B-1 bomber, MX missile, Cold War, nuclear arms race, military modernization,

Soviet Union, deterrence, Gulf War, Iraq War, War on Terror]

Event Description:

On October 2, 1981, US President Ronald Wilson Reagan announced two important military plans. First, the production of 100 B-1B bombers and Second the deployment of 100 MX missiles. The B-1 bomber program did not get the approval of its predecessor  US President James Earl Carter, a Democrat and humanitarian. The B-1B bomber program was completed in 1988, and the first MX missiles were deployed in 1986. The motive behind both decisions was to improve the US Defence on one hand and to counterbalance the USSR in the era of the Cold War.

THE SWACHH BHARAT MISSION: SWACHHATA HI SEVA

Introduction:

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)  is a nationwide campaign initiated by the Government of India on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation,  on October 2, 2014. The Swachh Bharat Mission is also known as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Clean India Mission to make India Open Defecation-Free. Swachh Bharat Mission is one of the most ambitious cleanliness missions ever launched in the world. It aims to construct over 100 million toilets across India and to make the country Open Defecation Free by 2024. 

Swachh Bharat Mission: Objectives

The preliminary objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission are to Eliminate Open Defecation, Improve Solid Waste Management in India, and Create Open Defecation Free in rural India. The secondary objective of the Swachh Bharat Mission is to draw public attention towards sanitation and inculcate hygiene and sanitation as a Social Habit across the nation.

Swachh Bharat Mission Targets:

The following targets were set for the Mission, to be achieved by 2nd October 2019 on the eve of the 150th Birth Anniversary of  Mahatma Gandhi:

1. Construction of 66.42 Lakh Individual Household Toilets.

2. Construction of 2.52 lakh Community Toilet seats.

3. Construction of 2.56 lakh Public Toilet Seats.

4. 100% door-to-door collection and Scientific Management of Municipal Solid Waste.

Swachh Bharat Mission Components:

The Swachh Bharat Mission has two components which are as follows:

1. Swachh Bharat Mission Rural (Grameen): dedicated to the sanitation of the rural sector of India, which functions under the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India. It aims to make all villages in India Open Defecation Free by 2024. 

2. Swachh Bharat Mission Urban: dedicated to the sanitation of the urban sector of India, which functions under the Division of Swachh Bharat Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. It aims to make all cities and towns in India Open Defecation Free by 2023.

Swachh Bharat Mission Stakeholders:

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a community-based mission. It relies on the participation of all stakeholders, including government agencies, civil society organizations, and the private sector. The mission has been successful in raising awareness about the importance of sanitation and hygiene, and in mobilizing communities to take action.

Swachh Bharat Mission Key Features:

The Swachh Bharat Mission has the following Key Features:

1. Demand-driven: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a demand-driven mission, meaning that it is implemented based on the needs of the community.

2. Community-led: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is community-led, meaning that the community is involved in all aspects of the mission, from planning to implementation to monitoring.

3. Sustainable: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is designed to be sustainable, meaning that it aims to create long-term solutions to the problem of open defecation and poor sanitation.

Swachh Bharat Mission Achievements:

The SBM has made significant progress since its launch on 2nd October 2014. More than 110 million toilets have been constructed across India, and over 600,000 villages have been declared ODF.

The Swachh Bharat Mission has also had a positive impact on public health. The incidence of diarrhoea among children under the age of five has decreased by 23% since the launch of the mission.

Swachh Bharat Mission Challenges:

Despite the progress that has been made, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. Open defecation is still a problem in many rural and suburban parts of India, and solid waste management remains a major challenge in urban areas.

Conclusion:

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a flagship program of the Government of India which has made significant progress since its launch in 2014, but there are still many challenges that need to be addressed.

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a landmark step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals-6 (SDG-6), which mandate clean water and sanitation for all. The Swachh Bharat Mission is also important for improving public health by reducing the spread of communicable diseases caused by open defecation and unhygienic practices, reducing poverty through new job creation and respecting dignity in the lives of women in India.

 

SWACHHATA HI SEVA 2023: A GARBAGE-FREE INDIA INDIA CAMPIGAN

The Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) campaign is being celebrated from September 15 to October 2, 2023, under the joint aegis of the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The theme of SHS-2023 is "Garbage Free India" with a focus on visual cleanliness and the welfare of SafaiMitras.

The campaign aims to generate a jan andolan (people's movement) through community participation, provide impetus to the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), disseminate the importance of a sampoorna swachh village (completely clean village), reinforce the concept of sanitation as everyone's business, and serve as a prelude to the Swachh Bharat Diwas (Clean India Day) on October 2.

The focus of the swachhata drives will be on high-footfall public places like bus stands, railway stations, cantonment boards, beaches, tourist places, zoos, national parks & sanctuaries, historical monuments, heritage sites, river fronts, ghats, drains, and nallahs in both rural & urban areas of State/ UT.

Some of the key activities planned for the campaign include:

1. Virtual launch by Hon'ble Minister of Jal Shakti and Hon'ble Minister of Housing & Urban Affairs

2. Virtual interaction (Samwaad) with a few selected DM/DCs, Municipal Commissioners

3. Removal of garbage from all important places

4. Repair, painting, cleaning, and branding of all sanitation assets like litter bins, public toilets, dhalaos, waste transport vehicles, MRFs, etc. in the area

5. Assistance in drives to clean riverbanks and removal of waste (including plastic) from water bodies, especially in Ganga Grams and Ganga Towns

6. Cleaning of zoos, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. under MoEFCC along with regulation of plastic materials into protected areas to prevent littering

7. Cleanliness drives of tourist spots, ASI protected monuments, along with IEC initiatives to discourage usage of single-use plastic items, saturating dry and wet waste bins in line with the Hara Geela Sookha Neela campaign, etc.

8. Cleanliness drives in Cantonment Board areas along with IEC campaigns encouraging alternatives to Single Use Plastic (SUP)

9. Cleanliness drives and awareness activities may be taken up in schools with children understanding the importance of waste segregation at source, the journey of waste, waste to wealth, and alternatives to SUP. Where possible Sanitation Clubs may be formed at schools/colleges

10. Under the campaign of 'Har Patri Saaf Sutri' cleaning of all assets under Railways including railway tracks, railway stations, colonies, hospitals, etc.

11. Conducting special programs, and cultural events promoting the sanitation journey of the country

The Swachhata Hi Seva 2023 campaign is a unique opportunity for all Indians to come together and work towards a cleaner and healthier India. By participating in the campaign, we can make a real difference in our communities and help to create a Garbage Free India.

[Article Keywords: Swachhata Hi Seva 2023, Garbage Free India, Shramdaan, Jan Andolan, Sampoorna Swachh Village, Sanitation for Everyone, Swachh Bharat Diwas, Visual Cleanliness, Welfare of SafaiMitras, High Footfall Public Places, Bus Stands, Railway Stations, Cantonment Boards, Beaches, Tourist Places, Zoos, National Parks & Sanctuaries, Historical Monuments, Heritage Sites, River Fronts, Ghats, Drains and Nallahs, Rural & Urban Areas, State/ UT, Virtual Launch, Virtual Interaction, Sanitation Assets, Litter Bins, Public Toilets, Dhalaos, Waste Transport Vehicles, MRFs, Riverbanks, Water Bodies, Ganga Grams, Ganga Towns, Protected Areas, Littering, Tourist Spots, ASI Protected Monuments, IEC Initiatives, Single Use Plastic Items, Hara Geela Sookha Neela, Cantonment Board Areas, Schools, Children, Waste Segregation at Source, Journey of Waste, Waste to Wealth, Alternatives to SUP, Sanitation Clubs, Har Patri Saaf Sutri, Railways, Railway Tracks, Railway Stations, Colonies, Hospitals, Cultural Events, Sanitation Journey of the Country.]

LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI BIRTH ANNIVERSARY: 

[Article Keywords: Lal Bahadur Shastri, Early Life, Education, Political Journey, Indian Independence Movement, 

Non-Cooperation Movement (1921), Dandi March (1930), Quit India Movement (1942), Prime Ministership, Indo-Pakistani War 1965, slogan, Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Historical Background, Leadership, Man of Peace, Legacy, Birth Anniversary, Celebration]

Introduction:

Lal Bahadur Shastri, a name etched in India's history as a symbol of simplicity and integrity, is remembered and celebrated on his birth anniversary.

Early Life and Education:

Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, in Mughalsarai, India. Despite facing financial constraints during his childhood, he displayed a keen interest in education. His dedication led him to complete his education, earning degrees in philosophy and law. 

Surname and Title Name:

Lal Bahadur Shastri's real name was Lal Bahadur Srivastava but he had dropped his Surname to reject the caste system and his childhood nickname was "Nanhey". After graduating from the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi in 1925, he was awarded the title of "Shastri". The word Shastri refers to a scholar or a person who is well-versed in the scriptures.

Political Journey:

Shastri's journey into politics began with his active involvement in the Indian independence movement. He had participated in the Non-Coopertion Movement (1921), Dandi March (1930)  and Quit India Movement (1942). He was arrested several times by the British authorities. His dedication and commitment to the cause earned him respect among fellow freedom fighters.

Leadership During Turbulent Times:

Lal Bahadur Shastri held the positions of Railway Minister, Transport and Communications Minister, Commerce and Industry Minister, and Home Minister in his political career and became India's second Prime Minister of India in 1964, succeeding Jawaharlal Nehru after his death. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by various challenges, including the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and food shortages, unemployment and poverty. He was instrumental in promoting the Green Revolution, the White Revolution and the establishment of the National Dairy Development Board in his tenure.

Slogan: "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"

One of Shastri's most memorable contributions was coining the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan," which means "Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer." This slogan not only boosted the morale of soldiers of the armed forces but also highlighted the importance of agriculture in India's progress.

Historical Background:

Lal Bahadur Shastri's leadership was crucial during a period of significant political and social change in India. He faced challenges both domestically and internationally, and his calm and composed demeanour earned him the nickname "Man of Peace." He died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on January 11, 1966, at the age of 61. Lal Bahadur Shastri was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1966 posthumously.

OCTOBER 1 WORLD EVENTS

OCTOBER 1ST WORLD EVENTS

WORLD VEGETARIAN DAY 2023:

Introduction:

World Vegetarian Day is a global event that is annually celebrated on October 1st to raise awareness of the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle which excludes meat, poultry, and fish. It is also a day to raise awareness about the ethical, environmental, and health benefits of vegetarianism.

Historical Background:

Vegetarianism has a long history, dating back to ancient times. October 1 is designated as the World Vegetarian Day in 1977 by the North American Vegetarian Society (NAVS). The North American Vegetarian Society was founded in 1850. In 1978, it was endorsed by the International Vegetarian Union which was founded in 1908.

Why Celebrate World Vegetarian Day:

World Vegetarian Day is celebrated to raise awareness of the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle:

1. Improved health: Green Veg diets are linked to a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer.

2. Reduced environmental impact: Vegetarian diets produce fewer greenhouse gases and require less land and water than meat-based diets and overall sustain the natural Ecological balance.

3. Animal welfare: Vegetarianism helps to reduce the suffering and slaughter of animals.

US FISCAL YEAR BEGINS: 1 OCTOBER 2023

[Article Related Keywords: US fiscal year start date, fiscal year-end date, US government fiscal year, fiscal year 2023, fiscal year 2024, budget, US fiscal year, calendar year, government, organisation, financial reporting.] 

Financial Year: The financial year is defined as an accounting period of 12 months but it is different from a calendar year which starts on 1st January and ends on 31st December. The different countries adopt different dates for the start and end of their financial years which align with the budget cycle. In India, the financial year begins on 1st April and ends on 31st March.

Event Description:

The US federal government's fiscal year starts on 1st October and ends on September 30th of the following year. The US fiscal year start date is important it is the date on which the federal government begins its new budget year. 

Historical Background: The fiscal year for the US government was changed to begin on 1st October in 1976. Before that, the fiscal year began on July 1st. The change was made to give Congress more time to review and approve the budget.

DAY OF PROSECUTORS IN AZERBAIJAN: 1ST OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Day of Prosecutors Azerbaijan, Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan, professional holiday, October 1st, government agencies, enterprises, organizations, officials, citizens, President of Azerbaijan, medals, honours, festive events, concerts]

Event Description:

October 1st is the Day of Prosecutors in Azerbaijan, a professional holiday that celebrates the work of those who protect the law and uphold justice. 

                                      The Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan is an independent and constitutional, national law enforcement body. The Prosecutor General, the senior most law enforcement officer, is appointed by the President of Azerbaijan and is accountable to the Milli Majlis (Parliament) of Azerbaijan. 

The Day of Prosecutors in Azerbaijan is a time to recognize the hard work and dedication of all the prosecutors who serve  Azerbaijan. It is also a time to reaffirm the importance of the rule of law and the role of the Prosecutor's Office in protecting the rights and freedom of all citizens.

Historical Background:  

The Day of Prosecutors was established by a decree of the President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, on July 17, 1998. The decree commemorates the establishment of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan on October 1, 1918.

Geographical Location: 

Azerbaijan is an Asian country that lies in the southern Caucasus Mountain region and is surrounded by the Caspian Sea in the east, Russia and Georgia in the North, Armenia in the south and Iran in the South. Azerbaijan has also a landlocked fragmented unit that is encircled by Armenia in the east and north, Turkey in the west and Iran in the south. Its Capital Baku lies on the coast of the Caspian Sea, the lowest-lying capital city in the world below sea level. 

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF OLDER PERSONS: 1ST OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: International Day of Older Persons, older persons, resilience, contributions, ageing, elderly, seniors, elderly care, ageing population, ageing society, ageism, age discrimination]

Event Description:  

The International Day of Older Persons is a worldwide annual observance on 1st October to give importance to senior citizen's works and their valuable experiences in society. This day is intended to raise public awareness about the problems and challenges faced by senior citizens in their day-to-day lives such as physical and psychological health issues, financial insecurities, verbal abuse, physical and psychological abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, loss of respect and alienation. Senior Citizens are the storehouse of incredible knowledge and experience which they impart to the next generations free of cost. So, it is a day to remind all the policymakers, families and society at large to take care and look after the basic needs and human rights of older persons in order to enhance their social inclusion at a global level.

Theme:

The theme of 2023, the International Day of Older Persons is "Fulfilling the Promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Older Persons: Across Generations"

Historical Background: 

On 14 December 1990, the United Nations General Assembly nominated 1st October as the International Day of Older Persons. 

DAY OF DEFENDER OF UKRAINE: 1ST OCT

[Article Related Keywords:  Defender of Ukraine Day, Ukraine, Ukrainian Armed Forces, veterans, independence, territorial integrity, Russian annexation of Crimea, War in Donbas, Soviet-era Defender of the Fatherland Day, public holiday, parades, memorials, resilience]

Event Description:

The Day of the Defender of Ukraine is a nationwide annual observance on 1st October to pay tribute to the Ukrainian soldiers who sacrificed their lives while protecting the nation and its citizens from external aggression. The Defender's Day of Ukraine was officially founded by President Petro Poroshenko in 2014 after the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the war in Donbas. 

Historical Background:

Before the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. Ukraine declared its independence in 1991 but used to celebrate the Defender Of The Fatherland Day on 23rd February which was originally celebrated in the USSR. But after the attack on Crimea in 2014 this date and name both were changed to the Day of Defenders of Ukraine on the 1st of October. 

NIGERIA INDEPENDENCE DAY: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Nigeria Independence Day, October 1st, Nigeria, independence, British rule, a national holiday, flag-raising ceremonies, parades, cultural events, green and white, Nigerian flag, patriotic songs, culture, history]

Event Description:

Nigeria Independence Day is celebrated annually on October 1st to commemorate the country's independence from British Colonial rule in 1960. 

History of Nigeria Independence Day:

Nigeria was first colonized by the British in the late 19th century. Over the next several decades, Nigeria became a British protectorate and at last, became its colony. In the early 20th century, Nigerians began to demand independence from British Imperialism. In 1960, Nigeria was granted independence from the United Kingdom of Britain. On October 1st, 1960, Nigeria became a sovereign nation.

THIRD TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Louisiana, Spain, France, US, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Mississippi River, New Orleans, Napoleon Bonaparte, colonial empire, North America, financial struggles, Napoleonic Wars, American navigation, military presence, American security]

Event Description:

On 1st October 1800, Spain ceded Louisiana to France in accordance with the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoleon Bonaparte saw Louisiana as a valuable asset and wanted to rebuild France's colonial empire in North America. The treaty was highly confidential and was signed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of France and Spanish Prime Minister Manuel Godoy.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ACT: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: NASA, NACA, National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Space Race, Apollo program, Apollo 11, robotic spacecraft, Space Shuttle, International Space Station, human spaceflight, robotic exploration, Earth science research, aeronautics research]

On October 1, 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Act was signed into law, creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA replaced the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which had been responsible for aeronautical research in the United States since 1915.

INTERNATIONAL COFFEE DAY: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: International Coffee Day, coffee, beverage, coffee industry, International Coffee Organization (ICO), coffee growers, baristas, roasters, coffee brewing, coffee shop, local roaster, coffee farmer, social media, donate to charity]

Event Description: 

International Coffee Day is celebrated on October 1st every year to promote coffee and its culture around the world. It is a day to celebrate the people who grow, roast, and brew our coffee, and to enjoy the many ways that coffee brings us together.

Historical Background Of International Coffee Day

In the past, different countries celebrated their own Coffee Day on different days. The Member States of the International Coffee Organisation decided to designate an International Coffee Day on 1 October across the world in 2014.

International Coffee Day was first celebrated in 2015, and it has quickly become a global event. On this day, coffee lovers around the world come together to celebrate their favourite beverage. Many coffee shops offer discounts and promotions on International Coffee Day, and there are often special events and celebrations held around the world.

Coffee is more than just a beverage. It is also a social and cultural phenomenon. Coffee shops are often seen as places where people can come together to socialize, work, or simply relax. Coffee is also a part of many different cultural traditions and rituals.

International Coffee Day is a great opportunity to learn more about coffee and its impact on the world. It is also a great opportunity to celebrate your love of coffee with other coffee lovers around the world.