OCTOBER 7 WORLD EVENTS

1. Women Admitted to Oxford University as Full Members, October 7, 1920: 

Introduction:

On October 7, 1920, women became eligible for admission as full members of Oxford University and were imparted the right to take degrees. A significant milestone in the fight for gender equality in education.

Historical Background:

Women had been studying at Oxford University for decades before 1920, but they had not been able to take degrees or participate as full-time students at the university. They were only allowed to attend Oxford as students of Somerville College, Lady Margaret Hall, and St Hugh's College, which were all women's colleges. They were not allowed to take degrees or to participate in the full life of the university.

The Campaign for Full Membership:

In 1884, Oxford University established the Association for the Education of Women (AEW). The AEW was responsible for providing women with access to Oxford's libraries and laboratories. However, women were still not allowed to take degrees.

The campaign for women to be admitted as full members of Oxford began in the early 20th century. which was led by a number of prominent women, including Emily Penrose, the principal of Somerville College, and Henrietta Jex-Blake, the founder of the London School of Medicine for Women.

The Vote to Admit Women:

In 1920, the university's Congregation, which is its governing body, voted to admit women as full members by a margin of 148 to 41.

Conclusion:

The admission of women to Oxford University as full members on October 7, 1920, was a major victory for the women's suffrage movement. It was a sign that society was finally beginning to accept the concept that women were just as capable as men of achieving academic excellence.

2. Luna 3: First Photographs of the Dark Side of the Moon

Introduction:

On 7th October 1959, the USSR spacecraft Luna 3 became the first spacecraft to photograph the dark side of the Moon. The spacecraft took 29 photos of the sunlit far side of the Moon from a distance of 63,500 km.

The Luna 3 Mission:

Luna 3 was launched on October 4, 1959. It was a small spacecraft, weighing only about 279 kilograms. Luna 3 was equipped with a camera and a radio transmitter. On October 7, 1959, Luna 3 passed behind the Moon and it took 29 photographs of the far side. The photographs were taken over a period of 40 minutes and were developed onboard the spacecraft. After developing the photographs, Luna 3 transmitted them back to Earth and was received on October 18, 1959.

3. Infrared Photography: A Revolution in Medical and Aerial Photography

Introduction:

On 7th October 1931, the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories in Rochester, New York, took the first U.S. short-exposure infrared photograph of a large group of people in apparently total darkness. The photograph was taken in a room that was flooded with invisible infrared light.

Applications of Infrared Photography:

Infrared photography is used in a variety of applications, including:

1. Medical imaging: Infrared photography can be used to image blood vessels, tumours, and other internal structures.

2. Aerial photography: Infrared photography can be used to identify vegetation, camouflage, and other objects that are difficult to see in visible light.

3. Security: Infrared photography can be used to detect intruders and other security threats.

4. Second Battle of Saratoga: 

Introduction:

On October 7, 1777, American forces defeated British forces under General John Burgoyne in the Second Battle of Saratoga. This victory was a turning point in the American Revolutionary War, as it led to the surrender of Burgoyne's army and convinced France to enter the war on the side of the Americans.

The Battle:

The Second Battle of Saratoga took place near the village of Saratoga Springs in New York. Burgoyne wants to capture Albany. Burgoyne launched an attack on the American positions on Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777. The attack was initially successful, but the Americans were able to rally and drive the British back. The battle ended in a stalemate, but the British suffered heavy casualties. Burgoyne surrendered his army to the Americans. 

5. Operation Enduring Freedom: Global War on Terror

Introduction:

The global military campaign was launched by the United States and its allies in response to the September 11 attacks. Operation Enduring Freedom was the longest war in American history, lasting from 2001 to 2021 and was a part of the Global War on Terror initiated by the US.

Goals of Operation Enduring Freedom:

The primary goals of OEF were to:

1. Destroy al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks.

2. Remove the Taliban regime from power in Afghanistan.

3. Prevent Afghanistan from being used as a safe haven for terrorists.

Course of the War:

1. Start:

OEF began on October 7, 2001, with airstrikes against al-Qaeda and Taliban targets in Afghanistan. The United States also deployed ground troops to Afghanistan to help the Afghan Northern Alliance fight the Taliban.

2. Achievement:

In December 2001, the Taliban regime was overthrown and al-Qaeda leaders fled the country. However, al-Qaeda and the Taliban continued to operate in Afghanistan and the war dragged on for two decades.

3. End:

OEF officially ended on December 31, 2014, but the United States continued to maintain a small military presence in Afghanistan to support the Afghan government and security forces.

4. Post-war:

The United States withdrew all of its remaining troops from Afghanistan in August 2021, after the Taliban regained control of the country.

 OCTOBER 3 WORLD EVENTS

Morazan's Day in Honduras: A Celebration of National Pride

Introduction

Morazan's Day is a Honduran national holiday celebrated on October 3rd in honour of Francisco Morazan, the former president of the Federal Republic of Central America. Morazan was a military general who fought for the independence of Central America from Spain, and he is considered to be one of the most important figures in Honduran history.

History of Morazan's Day

Morazan's Day was first celebrated in 1904, and it was officially declared a national holiday in 1931. The holiday is named after Francisco Morazan, who was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras in 1792. He joined the military at a young age and quickly rose through the ranks. In 1821, he led the Honduran army to victory in the Battle of San Salvador, which helped to secure independence for Central America from Spain.

Morazan was elected president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1830 to 1839. He implemented a number of reforms during his presidency, including the separation of church and state, the abolition of the slavery system, the establishment of free public education, and the promotion of economic development.

Morazan was overthrown in 1839 and was eventually executed in 1842. However, his legacy continues to live on in Honduras. He is considered to be a national hero, and Morazan's Day is one of the most important holidays in the country.

OCTOBER 5 WORLD EVENTS

 OCTOBER 5 WORLD EVENTS

The Kidnapping of James Cross: 5th October Crisis

 

The four militants of the FLQ group had kidnapped James Richard Cross, British Trade Commissioner, from his home situated in Montreal Canada, on the morning of 5 October 1970. They enter his home in the dress of the delivery boy in the pretence of delivering the parcel. The (FLQ): Front de libération du Québec, a separatist militant group, blacklist by the Canadian government was a terrorist oganisation.

Algeria October Riots 1988: 5 October 

Introduction:

The 1988 October Riots were a series of violent protests that took place in Algeria between October 5 and 11, 1988, sparked by a number of factors, including economic hardship, political repression, and a lack of job opportunities for young people.

Causes:

The October Riots were the culmination of years of economic hardship and political repression in Algeria. The country had been in a state of economic crisis since the early 1980s, with a high rate of unemployment and inflation. The government was also authoritarian, and there was little freedom of speech or assembly.

Course:

The October Riots began in the capital city of Algiers and quickly spread to other cities and towns across the country. Thousands of young people took to the streets, chanting slogans against the government and demanding radical change. The rioters vandalized property, looted shops, and set the public and government property on fire.

Impact:

The Algerian government responded to the riots with a heavy hand. Security forces opened fire on the rioters, killing hundreds of people. The government also imposed a curfew and arrested thousands of people.

The October Riots led to the resignation of President Chadli Bendjedid and the introduction of a number of democratic reforms. 

Tien Shan Earthquake 2008:  Reverse Faulting Tectonic 

Introduction

The 2008 Tien Shan earthquake occurred on October 5, 2008, in the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains, near the intersection of the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and China. The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.7 and caused widespread damage in the region.

Causes:

The 2008 Tien Shan earthquake was caused by reverse faulting. Reverse faulting occurs when two tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced over the other. In the case of the 2008 Tien Shan earthquake, the Indian Plate was colliding with the Eurasian Plate.

Mechanism:

The mechanism of reverse faulting can be explained as follows:

1. The two tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced over the other.

2. The overriding plate bends and accumulates stress.

3. When the stress becomes too great, the overriding plate breaks and thrusts over the underlying plate. This causes an earthquake.

Characteristics of seismic waves:

The seismic waves radiated by the earthquake source provide evidence for the thrust nature of faulting. Thrust faulting typically produces earthquakes with a focal mechanism that is characterized by a strong P-wave push and a weak S-wave pull. This is because the overriding plate is thrusting over the underlying plate, which produces a compressive force.

 

SEPTEMBER 29 WORLD EVENTS

Mark Foley Scandal: 29 September

Introduction:

The Mark Foley scandal was a political scandal that erupted in the United States in 2006. It involved the revelation that Mark Foley, a Republican congressman from Florida, had sent sexually suggestive emails and instant messages to underage boys.

The scandal began when ABC News reported on September 29, 2006, that Foley had sent sexually suggestive emails to a 16-year-old former congressional page in 2005. The next day, Foley admitted to sending the emails and resigned from Congress.

Mark Foley Scandal Background:

Foley had been a member of Congress since 1995. He was known for his conservative views on social issues, including his opposition to same-sex marriage. He was also a close ally of House Speaker Dennis Hastert.

In 2005, Foley began sending sexually suggestive emails to a 16-year-old former congressional page. The boy's parents eventually discovered the emails and reported them to the House Ethics Committee.

The Ethics Committee investigated the matter and found that Foley had violated House rules. However, the committee did not take any disciplinary action against Foley.

The Impact of the Scandal:

The Mark Foley scandal had a significant impact on American politics. It led to the resignation of several high-ranking Republican officials, including Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert. The scandal also damaged the Republican Party's reputation and contributed to its defeat in the 2006 midterm elections.

The Mark Foley scandal also had a significant impact on the lives of the boys who were targeted by Foley. Many of the boys suffered from emotional trauma, and some of them dropped out of school or withdrew from social activities.

Conclusion:

The Mark Foley scandal is a reminder of the importance of protecting children from sexual abuse. It is also a reminder of the importance of holding adults accountable for their actions, even if they are powerful and influential.

 OCTOBER 4 WORLD EVENTS

Mozambique Civil War Ends with Rome General Peace Accords (1992)

[Article Keywords: Mozambique Civil War, FRELIMO, RENAMO, Mozambique Independence, Historical, Rome General Peace Accords, Mozambique Civil War Resolution, Peace and Stability]

Introduction:

The Rome General Peace Accords were a landmark agreement signed on October 4, 1992, ending the Mozambican Civil War, which lasted for 16 years, causing innumerable loss of life and property. The agreement was a major breakthrough for Mozambique, and it ushered in a new era of peace and prosperity.

Historical Background:

The Mozambican Civil War broke out in 1977, shortly after Mozambique gained independence from Portugal. It was fought between the government of Mozambique, FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front) which was supported by the Soviet Union and its allies and the rebel group RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance) which was supported by the United States and its allies. 

The Mozambican Civil War was largely fought over ideological differences. The government was a socialist state, while RENAMO was a right-wing rebel group. The war also had ethnic dimensions, with the government being dominated by the Shangaan ethnic group and RENAMO being dominated by the Ndau ethnic group.

Impact and Legacy:

The Rome General Peace Accords were negotiated with the help of the United Nations and the Italian government which included provisions of the ceasefire, the demobilization of both sides' forces, the humanitarian aid and the holding of multi-party elections. It was estimated that lacs of people were killed and displaced apart from widespread damage to the infrastructure and the economy in the Mozambican Civil War.

MARK FOLEY CYBERSEX SCANDAL: DRUDGE REPORT 

[Article Keywords: Mark Foley, cybersex scandal, Drudge Report, 18-year-old teen, no evidence, underage boys, sexual abuse]

The Drudge Report is a conservative news website that is known for its breaking news coverage. It is run by Matt Drudge, who has been described as one of the most influential journalists in the world. The Drudge Report is known for publishing exclusive stories and for its often sensationalist headlines.

The Drudge Report alleged that one teen with whom Mark Foley engaged in cybersex during a House vote was 18 years old at the time of the communications. However, this allegation has never been verified, and there is no evidence to support it. In fact, all of the other teens who have come forward about being contacted by Foley have been underage. This suggests that the Drudge Report's allegation may be inaccurate.

LESOTHO INDEPENDENCE DAY: 4TH OCTOBER 

Introduction

Lesotho (erstwhile known as Basutolad) became independent from the imperialism rule of the British on 4th October 1966. 

The Road to Independence

Lesotho was a British protectorate since 1868, and the British were reluctant to give up control. However, the Basotho people were determined to become independent, and they fought for their freedom for many years.

In 1955, the Basutoland Council passed a resolution demanding self-government. The British initially resisted this demand, but they eventually agreed to a gradual process of constitutional reform. In 1965, the first elections were held under a new constitution that gave the Basotho people a greater degree of autonomy. On October 4, 1966, Lesotho became a fully independent country. King Moshoeshoe II became the country's first head of state. Lesotho has been a member of the United Nations since 1966, and it is also a member of the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.

 

Geographical Location of Lesotho

Lesotho is a small landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent and is totally embedded in the map of the South African nation with a Capital city Maseru.

[Article Keywords: Lesotho independence, Basutoland, United Kingdom, King Moshoeshoe II, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, southern Africa, South Africa, Eswatini, Thabana Ntlenyana, mohair, diamonds]

MEXICO ADOPTS A NEW CONSTITUTION AND BECOMES A FEDERAL REPUBLIC in 1824:

Introduction:

On October 4, 1824, Mexico adopted a new constitution and became a federal republic. This was a major milestone in the country's history, as it marked the end of its colonial period and the beginning of its independent existence. The new constitution also laid the foundation for Mexico's modern democracy.

Historical Background

Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. However, the country was initially ruled by a monarchy under Emperor Agustin I who was overthrown in 1823, and Mexico entered a period of instability and political turmoil.

In 1824, a new Constituent Congress was convened to draft a new constitution for Mexico. The congress was made up of delegates from all over the country, and they represented a wide range of political views. But, all the delegates were united to establish a stable and democratic government.

BATTLE OF BROODSRINDE: 4th October 1917

Introduction

The Battle of Broodseinde was fought on October 4, 1917, during World War I, which was part of the Third Battle of Ypres, a series of battles fought between the British and German armies in Flanders, Belgium.

Background

The Third Battle of Ypres was launched by the British in September 1917, with the aim of breaking through the German lines and capturing the Belgian ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge. The Battle of Broodseinde was a major victory for the British, which helped them to turn the tide of the Third Battle of Ypres and showed that the British were capable of developing new and effective tactics.

THE BATTLE OF CABLE STREE: A CLASH OF IDEOLOGIES

Introduction

The Battle of Cable Street was a violent clash between the Metropolitan Police and various anti-fascist organizations on October 4, 1936, in Cable Street, East London. The ideological clash was the culmination of tensions between the Fascist and Antifascist groups, which had been growing for several months.

Background

The British Union of Fascists (BUF), led by Oswald Mosley, was a fascist political party that was popular in the 1930s. The BUF was known for its Anti-Semitic and anti-communist rhetoric, and it often held marches and rallies in East London, which was home to a large Jewish population. The anti-fascist organizations were determined to prevent the BUF march from taking place. A violent clash started and the police used batons, horses, and water cannons against the demonstrators. The demonstrators responded with stones, bottles, and other projectiles.

OCTOBER 2 WORLD EVENTS

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF NON-VIOLENCE: CELEBRATING MAHATMA GANDHI'S LEGACY ON 2nd OCTOBER

[Article Keywords: International Day of Non-Violence, Mahatma Gandhi, Legacy, Peace, Harmony, Gandhi's Philosophy, Ahimsa, UNGA]

International Day of Non-Violence: Introduction

The International Day Of Non-Violence has been annually celebrated globally on 2nd October since 2007 when this day was designated by the UNGA in honour of Mahatma Gandhi's Birth Anniversary and his principle of Non-Violence (Ahimsa) as a tool of social and political change that promotes peace and harmony worldwide. 

Historical Background: The United Nations' Recognition

On 15 June 2007, the United Nations General Assembly officially recognized October 2nd as the International Day of Non-Violence. This recognition underscores the global significance of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of peaceful protest and civil disobedience in resolving conflicts, promoting tolerance, and establishing a more just and peaceful world.

CARANDIRU MASSACRE: BRAZIL JAIL INMATES KILLING

[Article Related Keywords: Carandiru massacre, mass killing, prison riot, human rights violation, Brazil, São Paulo]

Event Description:

The Carandiru Massacre was a brutal mass killing of innocent jail inmates by the Military Police Forces in the Prison Centre of Carandiru Penitentiary, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The prisoners were outcrying for poor conditions, ill-treatment, overcrowding and corruption prevailing in the jail at that time. On the 2nd of October in 1992, their protest was at a peak as they were united among themselves and wanted their demand to be fulfilled. The Prison authorities called the Military Police to overcome the protesting prisoners but the Military Police outburst the Jail and shot more than 100 prisoners. The Carandiru Massacre became a subject of debate over human rights violations around the world.

WOODROW WILSON'S STROKE: EDITH THE FIRST LADY WHO RUNS US PRESIDENT OFFICE

[Article Related Keywords: Edith Wilson, First Lady, Woodrow Wilson, stroke, presidency, government, history, US, America, USA]

Event Description:

On 2nd October 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson suffered a serious stroke, when two years of his presidency tenure was left. The left side of his body was paralysed rendering him unfit to rejoin the president's office. Wilson's wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson took charge of his husband and ran the country effectively and smoothly in difficult times of US history.

US B-1 BOMBER PROGRAM & 100 MX MISSILES: US WINDOW OF VULNERABILITY

[Article Related Keywords: Ronald Reagan, B-1 bomber, MX missile, Cold War, nuclear arms race, military modernization,

Soviet Union, deterrence, Gulf War, Iraq War, War on Terror]

Event Description:

On October 2, 1981, US President Ronald Wilson Reagan announced two important military plans. First, the production of 100 B-1B bombers and Second the deployment of 100 MX missiles. The B-1 bomber program did not get the approval of its predecessor  US President James Earl Carter, a Democrat and humanitarian. The B-1B bomber program was completed in 1988, and the first MX missiles were deployed in 1986. The motive behind both decisions was to improve the US Defence on one hand and to counterbalance the USSR in the era of the Cold War.

THE SWACHH BHARAT MISSION: SWACHHATA HI SEVA

Introduction:

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)  is a nationwide campaign initiated by the Government of India on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation,  on October 2, 2014. The Swachh Bharat Mission is also known as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Clean India Mission to make India Open Defecation-Free. Swachh Bharat Mission is one of the most ambitious cleanliness missions ever launched in the world. It aims to construct over 100 million toilets across India and to make the country Open Defecation Free by 2024. 

Swachh Bharat Mission: Objectives

The preliminary objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission are to Eliminate Open Defecation, Improve Solid Waste Management in India, and Create Open Defecation Free in rural India. The secondary objective of the Swachh Bharat Mission is to draw public attention towards sanitation and inculcate hygiene and sanitation as a Social Habit across the nation.

Swachh Bharat Mission Targets:

The following targets were set for the Mission, to be achieved by 2nd October 2019 on the eve of the 150th Birth Anniversary of  Mahatma Gandhi:

1. Construction of 66.42 Lakh Individual Household Toilets.

2. Construction of 2.52 lakh Community Toilet seats.

3. Construction of 2.56 lakh Public Toilet Seats.

4. 100% door-to-door collection and Scientific Management of Municipal Solid Waste.

Swachh Bharat Mission Components:

The Swachh Bharat Mission has two components which are as follows:

1. Swachh Bharat Mission Rural (Grameen): dedicated to the sanitation of the rural sector of India, which functions under the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India. It aims to make all villages in India Open Defecation Free by 2024. 

2. Swachh Bharat Mission Urban: dedicated to the sanitation of the urban sector of India, which functions under the Division of Swachh Bharat Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. It aims to make all cities and towns in India Open Defecation Free by 2023.

Swachh Bharat Mission Stakeholders:

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a community-based mission. It relies on the participation of all stakeholders, including government agencies, civil society organizations, and the private sector. The mission has been successful in raising awareness about the importance of sanitation and hygiene, and in mobilizing communities to take action.

Swachh Bharat Mission Key Features:

The Swachh Bharat Mission has the following Key Features:

1. Demand-driven: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a demand-driven mission, meaning that it is implemented based on the needs of the community.

2. Community-led: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is community-led, meaning that the community is involved in all aspects of the mission, from planning to implementation to monitoring.

3. Sustainable: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is designed to be sustainable, meaning that it aims to create long-term solutions to the problem of open defecation and poor sanitation.

Swachh Bharat Mission Achievements:

The SBM has made significant progress since its launch on 2nd October 2014. More than 110 million toilets have been constructed across India, and over 600,000 villages have been declared ODF.

The Swachh Bharat Mission has also had a positive impact on public health. The incidence of diarrhoea among children under the age of five has decreased by 23% since the launch of the mission.

Swachh Bharat Mission Challenges:

Despite the progress that has been made, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. Open defecation is still a problem in many rural and suburban parts of India, and solid waste management remains a major challenge in urban areas.

Conclusion:

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a flagship program of the Government of India which has made significant progress since its launch in 2014, but there are still many challenges that need to be addressed.

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a landmark step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals-6 (SDG-6), which mandate clean water and sanitation for all. The Swachh Bharat Mission is also important for improving public health by reducing the spread of communicable diseases caused by open defecation and unhygienic practices, reducing poverty through new job creation and respecting dignity in the lives of women in India.

 

SWACHHATA HI SEVA 2023: A GARBAGE-FREE INDIA INDIA CAMPIGAN

The Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) campaign is being celebrated from September 15 to October 2, 2023, under the joint aegis of the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The theme of SHS-2023 is "Garbage Free India" with a focus on visual cleanliness and the welfare of SafaiMitras.

The campaign aims to generate a jan andolan (people's movement) through community participation, provide impetus to the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), disseminate the importance of a sampoorna swachh village (completely clean village), reinforce the concept of sanitation as everyone's business, and serve as a prelude to the Swachh Bharat Diwas (Clean India Day) on October 2.

The focus of the swachhata drives will be on high-footfall public places like bus stands, railway stations, cantonment boards, beaches, tourist places, zoos, national parks & sanctuaries, historical monuments, heritage sites, river fronts, ghats, drains, and nallahs in both rural & urban areas of State/ UT.

Some of the key activities planned for the campaign include:

1. Virtual launch by Hon'ble Minister of Jal Shakti and Hon'ble Minister of Housing & Urban Affairs

2. Virtual interaction (Samwaad) with a few selected DM/DCs, Municipal Commissioners

3. Removal of garbage from all important places

4. Repair, painting, cleaning, and branding of all sanitation assets like litter bins, public toilets, dhalaos, waste transport vehicles, MRFs, etc. in the area

5. Assistance in drives to clean riverbanks and removal of waste (including plastic) from water bodies, especially in Ganga Grams and Ganga Towns

6. Cleaning of zoos, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. under MoEFCC along with regulation of plastic materials into protected areas to prevent littering

7. Cleanliness drives of tourist spots, ASI protected monuments, along with IEC initiatives to discourage usage of single-use plastic items, saturating dry and wet waste bins in line with the Hara Geela Sookha Neela campaign, etc.

8. Cleanliness drives in Cantonment Board areas along with IEC campaigns encouraging alternatives to Single Use Plastic (SUP)

9. Cleanliness drives and awareness activities may be taken up in schools with children understanding the importance of waste segregation at source, the journey of waste, waste to wealth, and alternatives to SUP. Where possible Sanitation Clubs may be formed at schools/colleges

10. Under the campaign of 'Har Patri Saaf Sutri' cleaning of all assets under Railways including railway tracks, railway stations, colonies, hospitals, etc.

11. Conducting special programs, and cultural events promoting the sanitation journey of the country

The Swachhata Hi Seva 2023 campaign is a unique opportunity for all Indians to come together and work towards a cleaner and healthier India. By participating in the campaign, we can make a real difference in our communities and help to create a Garbage Free India.

[Article Keywords: Swachhata Hi Seva 2023, Garbage Free India, Shramdaan, Jan Andolan, Sampoorna Swachh Village, Sanitation for Everyone, Swachh Bharat Diwas, Visual Cleanliness, Welfare of SafaiMitras, High Footfall Public Places, Bus Stands, Railway Stations, Cantonment Boards, Beaches, Tourist Places, Zoos, National Parks & Sanctuaries, Historical Monuments, Heritage Sites, River Fronts, Ghats, Drains and Nallahs, Rural & Urban Areas, State/ UT, Virtual Launch, Virtual Interaction, Sanitation Assets, Litter Bins, Public Toilets, Dhalaos, Waste Transport Vehicles, MRFs, Riverbanks, Water Bodies, Ganga Grams, Ganga Towns, Protected Areas, Littering, Tourist Spots, ASI Protected Monuments, IEC Initiatives, Single Use Plastic Items, Hara Geela Sookha Neela, Cantonment Board Areas, Schools, Children, Waste Segregation at Source, Journey of Waste, Waste to Wealth, Alternatives to SUP, Sanitation Clubs, Har Patri Saaf Sutri, Railways, Railway Tracks, Railway Stations, Colonies, Hospitals, Cultural Events, Sanitation Journey of the Country.]

LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI BIRTH ANNIVERSARY: 

[Article Keywords: Lal Bahadur Shastri, Early Life, Education, Political Journey, Indian Independence Movement, 

Non-Cooperation Movement (1921), Dandi March (1930), Quit India Movement (1942), Prime Ministership, Indo-Pakistani War 1965, slogan, Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Historical Background, Leadership, Man of Peace, Legacy, Birth Anniversary, Celebration]

Introduction:

Lal Bahadur Shastri, a name etched in India's history as a symbol of simplicity and integrity, is remembered and celebrated on his birth anniversary.

Early Life and Education:

Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, in Mughalsarai, India. Despite facing financial constraints during his childhood, he displayed a keen interest in education. His dedication led him to complete his education, earning degrees in philosophy and law. 

Surname and Title Name:

Lal Bahadur Shastri's real name was Lal Bahadur Srivastava but he had dropped his Surname to reject the caste system and his childhood nickname was "Nanhey". After graduating from the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi in 1925, he was awarded the title of "Shastri". The word Shastri refers to a scholar or a person who is well-versed in the scriptures.

Political Journey:

Shastri's journey into politics began with his active involvement in the Indian independence movement. He had participated in the Non-Coopertion Movement (1921), Dandi March (1930)  and Quit India Movement (1942). He was arrested several times by the British authorities. His dedication and commitment to the cause earned him respect among fellow freedom fighters.

Leadership During Turbulent Times:

Lal Bahadur Shastri held the positions of Railway Minister, Transport and Communications Minister, Commerce and Industry Minister, and Home Minister in his political career and became India's second Prime Minister of India in 1964, succeeding Jawaharlal Nehru after his death. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by various challenges, including the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and food shortages, unemployment and poverty. He was instrumental in promoting the Green Revolution, the White Revolution and the establishment of the National Dairy Development Board in his tenure.

Slogan: "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"

One of Shastri's most memorable contributions was coining the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan," which means "Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer." This slogan not only boosted the morale of soldiers of the armed forces but also highlighted the importance of agriculture in India's progress.

Historical Background:

Lal Bahadur Shastri's leadership was crucial during a period of significant political and social change in India. He faced challenges both domestically and internationally, and his calm and composed demeanour earned him the nickname "Man of Peace." He died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on January 11, 1966, at the age of 61. Lal Bahadur Shastri was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1966 posthumously.

OCTOBER 1 WORLD EVENTS

OCTOBER 1ST WORLD EVENTS

WORLD VEGETARIAN DAY 2023:

Introduction:

World Vegetarian Day is a global event that is annually celebrated on October 1st to raise awareness of the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle which excludes meat, poultry, and fish. It is also a day to raise awareness about the ethical, environmental, and health benefits of vegetarianism.

Historical Background:

Vegetarianism has a long history, dating back to ancient times. October 1 is designated as the World Vegetarian Day in 1977 by the North American Vegetarian Society (NAVS). The North American Vegetarian Society was founded in 1850. In 1978, it was endorsed by the International Vegetarian Union which was founded in 1908.

Why Celebrate World Vegetarian Day:

World Vegetarian Day is celebrated to raise awareness of the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle:

1. Improved health: Green Veg diets are linked to a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer.

2. Reduced environmental impact: Vegetarian diets produce fewer greenhouse gases and require less land and water than meat-based diets and overall sustain the natural Ecological balance.

3. Animal welfare: Vegetarianism helps to reduce the suffering and slaughter of animals.

US FISCAL YEAR BEGINS: 1 OCTOBER 2023

[Article Related Keywords: US fiscal year start date, fiscal year-end date, US government fiscal year, fiscal year 2023, fiscal year 2024, budget, US fiscal year, calendar year, government, organisation, financial reporting.] 

Financial Year: The financial year is defined as an accounting period of 12 months but it is different from a calendar year which starts on 1st January and ends on 31st December. The different countries adopt different dates for the start and end of their financial years which align with the budget cycle. In India, the financial year begins on 1st April and ends on 31st March.

Event Description:

The US federal government's fiscal year starts on 1st October and ends on September 30th of the following year. The US fiscal year start date is important it is the date on which the federal government begins its new budget year. 

Historical Background: The fiscal year for the US government was changed to begin on 1st October in 1976. Before that, the fiscal year began on July 1st. The change was made to give Congress more time to review and approve the budget.

DAY OF PROSECUTORS IN AZERBAIJAN: 1ST OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Day of Prosecutors Azerbaijan, Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan, professional holiday, October 1st, government agencies, enterprises, organizations, officials, citizens, President of Azerbaijan, medals, honours, festive events, concerts]

Event Description:

October 1st is the Day of Prosecutors in Azerbaijan, a professional holiday that celebrates the work of those who protect the law and uphold justice. 

                                      The Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan is an independent and constitutional, national law enforcement body. The Prosecutor General, the senior most law enforcement officer, is appointed by the President of Azerbaijan and is accountable to the Milli Majlis (Parliament) of Azerbaijan. 

The Day of Prosecutors in Azerbaijan is a time to recognize the hard work and dedication of all the prosecutors who serve  Azerbaijan. It is also a time to reaffirm the importance of the rule of law and the role of the Prosecutor's Office in protecting the rights and freedom of all citizens.

Historical Background:  

The Day of Prosecutors was established by a decree of the President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, on July 17, 1998. The decree commemorates the establishment of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan on October 1, 1918.

Geographical Location: 

Azerbaijan is an Asian country that lies in the southern Caucasus Mountain region and is surrounded by the Caspian Sea in the east, Russia and Georgia in the North, Armenia in the south and Iran in the South. Azerbaijan has also a landlocked fragmented unit that is encircled by Armenia in the east and north, Turkey in the west and Iran in the south. Its Capital Baku lies on the coast of the Caspian Sea, the lowest-lying capital city in the world below sea level. 

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF OLDER PERSONS: 1ST OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: International Day of Older Persons, older persons, resilience, contributions, ageing, elderly, seniors, elderly care, ageing population, ageing society, ageism, age discrimination]

Event Description:  

The International Day of Older Persons is a worldwide annual observance on 1st October to give importance to senior citizen's works and their valuable experiences in society. This day is intended to raise public awareness about the problems and challenges faced by senior citizens in their day-to-day lives such as physical and psychological health issues, financial insecurities, verbal abuse, physical and psychological abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, loss of respect and alienation. Senior Citizens are the storehouse of incredible knowledge and experience which they impart to the next generations free of cost. So, it is a day to remind all the policymakers, families and society at large to take care and look after the basic needs and human rights of older persons in order to enhance their social inclusion at a global level.

Theme:

The theme of 2023, the International Day of Older Persons is "Fulfilling the Promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Older Persons: Across Generations"

Historical Background: 

On 14 December 1990, the United Nations General Assembly nominated 1st October as the International Day of Older Persons. 

DAY OF DEFENDER OF UKRAINE: 1ST OCT

[Article Related Keywords:  Defender of Ukraine Day, Ukraine, Ukrainian Armed Forces, veterans, independence, territorial integrity, Russian annexation of Crimea, War in Donbas, Soviet-era Defender of the Fatherland Day, public holiday, parades, memorials, resilience]

Event Description:

The Day of the Defender of Ukraine is a nationwide annual observance on 1st October to pay tribute to the Ukrainian soldiers who sacrificed their lives while protecting the nation and its citizens from external aggression. The Defender's Day of Ukraine was officially founded by President Petro Poroshenko in 2014 after the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the war in Donbas. 

Historical Background:

Before the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. Ukraine declared its independence in 1991 but used to celebrate the Defender Of The Fatherland Day on 23rd February which was originally celebrated in the USSR. But after the attack on Crimea in 2014 this date and name both were changed to the Day of Defenders of Ukraine on the 1st of October. 

NIGERIA INDEPENDENCE DAY: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Nigeria Independence Day, October 1st, Nigeria, independence, British rule, a national holiday, flag-raising ceremonies, parades, cultural events, green and white, Nigerian flag, patriotic songs, culture, history]

Event Description:

Nigeria Independence Day is celebrated annually on October 1st to commemorate the country's independence from British Colonial rule in 1960. 

History of Nigeria Independence Day:

Nigeria was first colonized by the British in the late 19th century. Over the next several decades, Nigeria became a British protectorate and at last, became its colony. In the early 20th century, Nigerians began to demand independence from British Imperialism. In 1960, Nigeria was granted independence from the United Kingdom of Britain. On October 1st, 1960, Nigeria became a sovereign nation.

THIRD TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Louisiana, Spain, France, US, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Mississippi River, New Orleans, Napoleon Bonaparte, colonial empire, North America, financial struggles, Napoleonic Wars, American navigation, military presence, American security]

Event Description:

On 1st October 1800, Spain ceded Louisiana to France in accordance with the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoleon Bonaparte saw Louisiana as a valuable asset and wanted to rebuild France's colonial empire in North America. The treaty was highly confidential and was signed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of France and Spanish Prime Minister Manuel Godoy.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ACT: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: NASA, NACA, National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Space Race, Apollo program, Apollo 11, robotic spacecraft, Space Shuttle, International Space Station, human spaceflight, robotic exploration, Earth science research, aeronautics research]

On October 1, 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Act was signed into law, creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA replaced the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which had been responsible for aeronautical research in the United States since 1915.

INTERNATIONAL COFFEE DAY: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: International Coffee Day, coffee, beverage, coffee industry, International Coffee Organization (ICO), coffee growers, baristas, roasters, coffee brewing, coffee shop, local roaster, coffee farmer, social media, donate to charity]

Event Description: 

International Coffee Day is celebrated on October 1st every year to promote coffee and its culture around the world. It is a day to celebrate the people who grow, roast, and brew our coffee, and to enjoy the many ways that coffee brings us together.

Historical Background Of International Coffee Day

In the past, different countries celebrated their own Coffee Day on different days. The Member States of the International Coffee Organisation decided to designate an International Coffee Day on 1 October across the world in 2014.

International Coffee Day was first celebrated in 2015, and it has quickly become a global event. On this day, coffee lovers around the world come together to celebrate their favourite beverage. Many coffee shops offer discounts and promotions on International Coffee Day, and there are often special events and celebrations held around the world.

Coffee is more than just a beverage. It is also a social and cultural phenomenon. Coffee shops are often seen as places where people can come together to socialize, work, or simply relax. Coffee is also a part of many different cultural traditions and rituals.

International Coffee Day is a great opportunity to learn more about coffee and its impact on the world. It is also a great opportunity to celebrate your love of coffee with other coffee lovers around the world.

SEPTEMBER 24 WORLD EVENTS

ANNIVERSARY OF FAILED ATACK ON LOME, TOGO: 24 SEPTEMBER 

[Article Related Keywords: Anniversary of Failed Attack on Lomé, Togo, failed coup attempt, Togo, Gnassingbé Eyadéma, political instability, resilience, democracy, peace]

Geographical Location:

Togo is a Sub-Saharan West African country sandwiched between Ghana to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Benin to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Lome is the port capital city situated on the bank of the Gulf of Guinea.

Event Description: 

The Anniversary of the Failed Attack on Lomé, Togo is annually celebrated on September 24th. It commemorates the unsuccessful coup attempt that took place in the capital city of Togo on 24 September 1986. The coup was led by a group of exiled Togolese dissidents, who crossed the border from Ghana in an attempt to overthrow the government of President General Gnassingbé Eyadéma. The coup attempt was quickly foiled by Togolese security forces, and the dissidents were either killed or captured. This day is not a public holiday and is celebrated as a reminder of the country's history of political instability, but also of the resilience of the Togolese people in the face of adversity. This year (2023) marks the 37th Anniversary of the failed coup.

PERU'S ARMED FORCES DAY: 24 SEPTEMBER 

Geographical Location:

Peru is a South American country situated on the western coast of the South Pacific Ocean. Peru lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn whose capital port city is Lima. It is bounded by Colombia and Ecuador in the north, Brazil and Bolivia in the east and Chile is its southern neighbour.

Event Description: 

Armed Forces Day is annually celebrated on September 24th in Peru to honour the Peruvian Defence Forces, which are made up of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. They played a major role in Peru's independence from Spain in the early 19th century, and they have continued to defend Peru's sovereignty and territorial integrity ever since.

 

The Peruvian Armed Forces also play an important role in civil defence, disaster management and humanitarian missions in times of need besides playing a significant role in the economic and social development of the country and in promoting national unity.  

Armed Forces Day was established in 1977 through a Supreme Decree and the date of September 24 was chosen due to the consecration of the Virgin of La Merced as Patroness of the Armed Institutes and Grand Marshal of Peru.

NATIONAL PUNCTUATION DAY: 24 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: Punctuation Day, September 24th, punctuation, writing, communication, clarity, effectiveness, moods, effects, period, comma, semicolon, colon, question mark, exclamation point, proofread]

Event Description:

National Punctuation Day is celebrated annually on September 24th in the US since 2004. A day marked for the importance of punctuation in our language helps us to read and understand the text more easily and also helps us to write more clearly and effectively. Punctuation Day is observed to educate people on the correct use of punctuation which makes communication effective and more meaningful. Punctuation refers to marks and signs used to separate sentences, ideas and clauses, to indicate pauses, and to show the relationship between words and phrases. They can also be used to convey emotion and tone.

Background:

Punctuation Day was established in 2004 by an American professional speaker Jeff Rubin who used to train companies, organizations, and professional agencies about effective writing and communication skills.

History Of Punctuation:

1. The first punctuation mark was the period, which was used in ancient Greece and Rome.

2. The comma was invented in the 3rd century BC by Aristophanes of Byzantium.

3. The semicolon was invented in the 15th century by Aldus Manutius.

4. The colon was invented in the 16th century by Niccolò Machiavelli.

5. The question mark and exclamation point were invented in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg.

Trending Punctuation:

# and @ are the most trending punctuation marks used nowadays.

CONSTITUTIONAL DAY OF CAMBODIA: 24 SEPTEMBER

Event Description:

Constitutional Day is an annual celebration on 24 September in Cambodia to commemorate the adoption of the Cambodian Constitution in 1993. The Constitution established Cambodia as a constitutional monarchy and enshrined a number of fundamental rights and freedoms for the Cambodian people, including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to freedom of expression, opinion, and assembly; and the right to a fair trial.

Background:

On this date in 1933, the Cambodian Constitution was signed by the late King Father Norodom Sihanouk and was officially promulgated after the National Assembly approved it.

BATTLE OF MONTERREY: 21 TO 24 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: Battle of Monterrey, Mexican-American War, Zachary Taylor, Pedro de Ampudia, Monterrey, Mexico, turning point, pitched battle, strategic victory, casualties, destruction, diplomacy, cooperation]

Event Description:

The Battle of Monterrey was a subset of the Mexican-American War which took place from September 21 to 24, 1846, between the American army and the Mexican army. The Americans attacked Monterrey City from the east and west, and the Mexicans put up a strong defence. This war lasted for four days and on the fourth day, the Americans launched a final assault and captured the city.

The Mexican-American War began on May 13, 1846, and ended on February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

NEW CALEDONIA DAY: NEW CALEDONIA CITIZENSHIP DAY 24 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: New Caledonia Day, September 24th, French overseas collectivity, South Pacific, Kanak people, French culture, Melanesian culture, Polynesians, Asians, Europeans, celebration, diversity, multiculturalism]

Geographical Location:

New Caledonia is an archipelago in Melanesia, which comprises the principal island of Grande Terre and several groups of smaller islands. New Caledonia is located in the South Pacific Ocean just above the Tropic of Capricorn and to the east of Australia and west of Fiji.

Event Description:

New Caledonia Day is celebrated on September 24th each year to commemorate the date in 1853 when the French took formal possession of the archipelago. The holiday is also known as Citizenship Day, as it marks the day that New Caledonian people were granted French citizenship in 1957.

Historical Background:

New Caledonia had been under French Rule since 1853. It was discovered by James Cook, a British navigator in 1774 who had christened this archipelago country as New Caledonia which was inhibited by the native Kanaks.

On September 24, 1853, French Admiral Febvrier Despointes officially declared New Caledonia a French colony. It was originally used as a penal colony for criminals and political prisoners. In 1946, it became an overseas territory. Several years later, all New Caledonians were granted French citizenship.

The Noumea Accord was signed in 1988 to give New Caledonia progressive governing independence but its residents cast their vote to remain in the Guardianship of France in the last three referendums held in the years 2018, 2020 and 2021.

US CLIFFORD-ELSEY REPORT: TOP SECRET REPORT ON THE SOVIET UNION (USSR) COLD WAR

[Article Related Keywords: Clark Clifford, Cold War, George Elsey, Harry S. Truman, Subject Military, History Political, History, US History since 1945, Clifford-Elsey Report, Soviet Union, Cold War, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Cold War documents, declassified documents]

Event Description:

The Clifford-Elsey Report was a top-secret report on the Soviet Union that was presented to the USA's 33rd President Harry S. Truman on 24 September 1946. The report was commissioned by Truman in response to growing concerns about the Soviet Union's intentions in the aftermath of World War II.

Clifford-Elsey Report:

The report was jointly compiled by Clark Clifford, a White House counsel, and George Elsey, a State Department official. It was considered the brainchild of US foreign policy after World War II and in the era of the Cold War in a tense atmosphere of USSR geopolitical expansion policy. The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are the offshoots of the Clifford-Elsey Report. The report created an aura of distrust and chariness in foreign policy between the USA and the USSR for decades. It helped to convince Truman that the United States was required to adopt a more confrontational approach to the Soviet Union. The report concluded that the Soviet Union was a totalitarian state that was hostile to the United States and its allies. It also warned that the Soviet Union was likely to expand its influence in Europe and Asia in the years to come.

TRENDING NEWS OF INDIA AND ABROAD

New York City Experiences Wettest Day in Decades, Causing Major Flooding and Transportation Disruptions

[Article Related Keywords: New York City, wettest day in decades, flooding, transportation disruptions, subway, commuter rail, LaGuardia Airport, John F. Kennedy Airport, Hurricane Donna, National Weather Service, Brooklyn]

New York City experienced its wettest day in decades on Friday, September 30, 2023, as heavy rainfall caused major flooding and transportation disruptions. Some 8.65 inches of rain fell at John F. Kennedy Airport, surpassing the record for any September day set during Hurricane Donna in 1960. Parts of Brooklyn saw more than 7.25 inches of rain, with at least one spot recording 2.5 inches in a single hour.

The flooding caused widespread damage to homes and businesses and disrupted transportation throughout the city. Several subway and commuter rail lines were knocked out, and drivers were stranded on flooded highways. Some streets were turned into small lakes, and a terminal at LaGuardia Airport was shut down for hours.

New York City Mayor Eric Adams declared a state of emergency in response to the flooding. City officials urged residents to stay home if possible and to avoid travel unless absolutely necessary.

The flooding is a reminder of the growing threat of climate change. As the planet warms, extreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe. City officials are working to improve the city's infrastructure to make it more resilient to flooding and other climate change impacts.

New York City's devastating flooding on Friday, September 30, 2023, evoked memories of the tragic Hurricane Ida in 2021, which killed at least 13 people in the city, mostly in flooded basement apartments.

Fortunately, no deaths or severe injuries have been reported from the latest flooding. But the damage to homes and businesses is extensive, and the storm has stirred up frightening memories for many New Yorkers.

The flooding is a reminder of the growing threat of climate change. As the planet warms, extreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe. City officials are working to improve the city's infrastructure to make it more resilient to flooding and other climate change impacts.

Rs 2,000 Banknote Exchange Deadline Extended to October 7, 2023: New Rules and Procedures

[Article Related Keywords: Rs 2,000 banknotes, deadline extension, exchange limit, RBI Issue Offices, Indian bank accounts, valid identity documents, RBI's due diligence procedures, law enforcement agencies, government departments, public authorities, grievances, RBI-Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021, demonetisation, currency requirements]

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has extended the deadline for exchanging or depositing Rs 2,000 banknotes from September 30, 2023, to October 7, 2023. After this date, Rs 2,000 banknotes will no longer be accepted at bank branches. However, individuals and entities can still exchange Rs 2,000 banknotes at the 19 RBI Issue Offices, with a limit of Rs 20,000 per transaction.

Here are the new procedures for exchanging Rs 2,000 banknotes, effective from October 8, 2023:

1. Deposits or exchanges at bank branches will no longer be accepted.

2. Individuals and entities can exchange Rs 2,000 banknotes at the 19 RBI Issue Offices, with a limit of Rs 20,000 per transaction.

3. Individuals and entities can also deposit Rs 2,000 banknotes at the 19 RBI Issue Offices and credit them to their Indian bank accounts.

4. Domestic individuals and entities have the option to send Rs 2,000 banknotes via India Post to any of the 19 RBI Issue Offices for crediting to their bank accounts in India.

5. Courts, law enforcement agencies, government departments, or other public authorities involved in investigations or enforcement can deposit or exchange Rs 2,000 banknotes at any of the 19 RBI Issue Offices without any set limit.

Background: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the Rs 2,000 denomination banknote in November 2016 to quickly meet the currency requirements of the economy following the demonetisation of all Rs 500 and Rs 1000 banknotes in circulation at that time. However, the production of Rs 2,000 banknotes ceased in 2018-19 after achieving this objective and with an ample supply of banknotes in other denominations.

According to the RBI website, a majority of the Rs 2,000 denomination notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached the end of their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years. Additionally, the RBI has observed that this denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and the stock of banknotes in other denominations continues to be sufficient to meet the currency requirements of the public.