OCTOBER 4 WORLD EVENTS

Mozambique Civil War Ends with Rome General Peace Accords (1992)

[Article Keywords: Mozambique Civil War, FRELIMO, RENAMO, Mozambique Independence, Historical, Rome General Peace Accords, Mozambique Civil War Resolution, Peace and Stability]

Introduction:

The Rome General Peace Accords were a landmark agreement signed on October 4, 1992, ending the Mozambican Civil War, which lasted for 16 years, causing innumerable loss of life and property. The agreement was a major breakthrough for Mozambique, and it ushered in a new era of peace and prosperity.

Historical Background:

The Mozambican Civil War broke out in 1977, shortly after Mozambique gained independence from Portugal. It was fought between the government of Mozambique, FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front) which was supported by the Soviet Union and its allies and the rebel group RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance) which was supported by the United States and its allies. 

The Mozambican Civil War was largely fought over ideological differences. The government was a socialist state, while RENAMO was a right-wing rebel group. The war also had ethnic dimensions, with the government being dominated by the Shangaan ethnic group and RENAMO being dominated by the Ndau ethnic group.

Impact and Legacy:

The Rome General Peace Accords were negotiated with the help of the United Nations and the Italian government which included provisions of the ceasefire, the demobilization of both sides' forces, the humanitarian aid and the holding of multi-party elections. It was estimated that lacs of people were killed and displaced apart from widespread damage to the infrastructure and the economy in the Mozambican Civil War.

MARK FOLEY CYBERSEX SCANDAL: DRUDGE REPORT 

[Article Keywords: Mark Foley, cybersex scandal, Drudge Report, 18-year-old teen, no evidence, underage boys, sexual abuse]

The Drudge Report is a conservative news website that is known for its breaking news coverage. It is run by Matt Drudge, who has been described as one of the most influential journalists in the world. The Drudge Report is known for publishing exclusive stories and for its often sensationalist headlines.

The Drudge Report alleged that one teen with whom Mark Foley engaged in cybersex during a House vote was 18 years old at the time of the communications. However, this allegation has never been verified, and there is no evidence to support it. In fact, all of the other teens who have come forward about being contacted by Foley have been underage. This suggests that the Drudge Report's allegation may be inaccurate.

LESOTHO INDEPENDENCE DAY: 4TH OCTOBER 

Introduction

Lesotho (erstwhile known as Basutolad) became independent from the imperialism rule of the British on 4th October 1966. 

The Road to Independence

Lesotho was a British protectorate since 1868, and the British were reluctant to give up control. However, the Basotho people were determined to become independent, and they fought for their freedom for many years.

In 1955, the Basutoland Council passed a resolution demanding self-government. The British initially resisted this demand, but they eventually agreed to a gradual process of constitutional reform. In 1965, the first elections were held under a new constitution that gave the Basotho people a greater degree of autonomy. On October 4, 1966, Lesotho became a fully independent country. King Moshoeshoe II became the country's first head of state. Lesotho has been a member of the United Nations since 1966, and it is also a member of the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.

 

Geographical Location of Lesotho

Lesotho is a small landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent and is totally embedded in the map of the South African nation with a Capital city Maseru.

[Article Keywords: Lesotho independence, Basutoland, United Kingdom, King Moshoeshoe II, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, southern Africa, South Africa, Eswatini, Thabana Ntlenyana, mohair, diamonds]

MEXICO ADOPTS A NEW CONSTITUTION AND BECOMES A FEDERAL REPUBLIC in 1824:

Introduction:

On October 4, 1824, Mexico adopted a new constitution and became a federal republic. This was a major milestone in the country's history, as it marked the end of its colonial period and the beginning of its independent existence. The new constitution also laid the foundation for Mexico's modern democracy.

Historical Background

Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. However, the country was initially ruled by a monarchy under Emperor Agustin I who was overthrown in 1823, and Mexico entered a period of instability and political turmoil.

In 1824, a new Constituent Congress was convened to draft a new constitution for Mexico. The congress was made up of delegates from all over the country, and they represented a wide range of political views. But, all the delegates were united to establish a stable and democratic government.

BATTLE OF BROODSRINDE: 4th October 1917

Introduction

The Battle of Broodseinde was fought on October 4, 1917, during World War I, which was part of the Third Battle of Ypres, a series of battles fought between the British and German armies in Flanders, Belgium.

Background

The Third Battle of Ypres was launched by the British in September 1917, with the aim of breaking through the German lines and capturing the Belgian ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge. The Battle of Broodseinde was a major victory for the British, which helped them to turn the tide of the Third Battle of Ypres and showed that the British were capable of developing new and effective tactics.

THE BATTLE OF CABLE STREE: A CLASH OF IDEOLOGIES

Introduction

The Battle of Cable Street was a violent clash between the Metropolitan Police and various anti-fascist organizations on October 4, 1936, in Cable Street, East London. The ideological clash was the culmination of tensions between the Fascist and Antifascist groups, which had been growing for several months.

Background

The British Union of Fascists (BUF), led by Oswald Mosley, was a fascist political party that was popular in the 1930s. The BUF was known for its Anti-Semitic and anti-communist rhetoric, and it often held marches and rallies in East London, which was home to a large Jewish population. The anti-fascist organizations were determined to prevent the BUF march from taking place. A violent clash started and the police used batons, horses, and water cannons against the demonstrators. The demonstrators responded with stones, bottles, and other projectiles.

OCTOBER 2 WORLD EVENTS

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF NON-VIOLENCE: CELEBRATING MAHATMA GANDHI'S LEGACY ON 2nd OCTOBER

[Article Keywords: International Day of Non-Violence, Mahatma Gandhi, Legacy, Peace, Harmony, Gandhi's Philosophy, Ahimsa, UNGA]

International Day of Non-Violence: Introduction

The International Day Of Non-Violence has been annually celebrated globally on 2nd October since 2007 when this day was designated by the UNGA in honour of Mahatma Gandhi's Birth Anniversary and his principle of Non-Violence (Ahimsa) as a tool of social and political change that promotes peace and harmony worldwide. 

Historical Background: The United Nations' Recognition

On 15 June 2007, the United Nations General Assembly officially recognized October 2nd as the International Day of Non-Violence. This recognition underscores the global significance of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of peaceful protest and civil disobedience in resolving conflicts, promoting tolerance, and establishing a more just and peaceful world.

CARANDIRU MASSACRE: BRAZIL JAIL INMATES KILLING

[Article Related Keywords: Carandiru massacre, mass killing, prison riot, human rights violation, Brazil, São Paulo]

Event Description:

The Carandiru Massacre was a brutal mass killing of innocent jail inmates by the Military Police Forces in the Prison Centre of Carandiru Penitentiary, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The prisoners were outcrying for poor conditions, ill-treatment, overcrowding and corruption prevailing in the jail at that time. On the 2nd of October in 1992, their protest was at a peak as they were united among themselves and wanted their demand to be fulfilled. The Prison authorities called the Military Police to overcome the protesting prisoners but the Military Police outburst the Jail and shot more than 100 prisoners. The Carandiru Massacre became a subject of debate over human rights violations around the world.

WOODROW WILSON'S STROKE: EDITH THE FIRST LADY WHO RUNS US PRESIDENT OFFICE

[Article Related Keywords: Edith Wilson, First Lady, Woodrow Wilson, stroke, presidency, government, history, US, America, USA]

Event Description:

On 2nd October 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson suffered a serious stroke, when two years of his presidency tenure was left. The left side of his body was paralysed rendering him unfit to rejoin the president's office. Wilson's wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson took charge of his husband and ran the country effectively and smoothly in difficult times of US history.

US B-1 BOMBER PROGRAM & 100 MX MISSILES: US WINDOW OF VULNERABILITY

[Article Related Keywords: Ronald Reagan, B-1 bomber, MX missile, Cold War, nuclear arms race, military modernization,

Soviet Union, deterrence, Gulf War, Iraq War, War on Terror]

Event Description:

On October 2, 1981, US President Ronald Wilson Reagan announced two important military plans. First, the production of 100 B-1B bombers and Second the deployment of 100 MX missiles. The B-1 bomber program did not get the approval of its predecessor  US President James Earl Carter, a Democrat and humanitarian. The B-1B bomber program was completed in 1988, and the first MX missiles were deployed in 1986. The motive behind both decisions was to improve the US Defence on one hand and to counterbalance the USSR in the era of the Cold War.

THE SWACHH BHARAT MISSION: SWACHHATA HI SEVA

Introduction:

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)  is a nationwide campaign initiated by the Government of India on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, Father of the Nation,  on October 2, 2014. The Swachh Bharat Mission is also known as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Clean India Mission to make India Open Defecation-Free. Swachh Bharat Mission is one of the most ambitious cleanliness missions ever launched in the world. It aims to construct over 100 million toilets across India and to make the country Open Defecation Free by 2024. 

Swachh Bharat Mission: Objectives

The preliminary objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission are to Eliminate Open Defecation, Improve Solid Waste Management in India, and Create Open Defecation Free in rural India. The secondary objective of the Swachh Bharat Mission is to draw public attention towards sanitation and inculcate hygiene and sanitation as a Social Habit across the nation.

Swachh Bharat Mission Targets:

The following targets were set for the Mission, to be achieved by 2nd October 2019 on the eve of the 150th Birth Anniversary of  Mahatma Gandhi:

1. Construction of 66.42 Lakh Individual Household Toilets.

2. Construction of 2.52 lakh Community Toilet seats.

3. Construction of 2.56 lakh Public Toilet Seats.

4. 100% door-to-door collection and Scientific Management of Municipal Solid Waste.

Swachh Bharat Mission Components:

The Swachh Bharat Mission has two components which are as follows:

1. Swachh Bharat Mission Rural (Grameen): dedicated to the sanitation of the rural sector of India, which functions under the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India. It aims to make all villages in India Open Defecation Free by 2024. 

2. Swachh Bharat Mission Urban: dedicated to the sanitation of the urban sector of India, which functions under the Division of Swachh Bharat Mission, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. It aims to make all cities and towns in India Open Defecation Free by 2023.

Swachh Bharat Mission Stakeholders:

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a community-based mission. It relies on the participation of all stakeholders, including government agencies, civil society organizations, and the private sector. The mission has been successful in raising awareness about the importance of sanitation and hygiene, and in mobilizing communities to take action.

Swachh Bharat Mission Key Features:

The Swachh Bharat Mission has the following Key Features:

1. Demand-driven: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a demand-driven mission, meaning that it is implemented based on the needs of the community.

2. Community-led: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is community-led, meaning that the community is involved in all aspects of the mission, from planning to implementation to monitoring.

3. Sustainable: 

The Swachh Bharat Mission is designed to be sustainable, meaning that it aims to create long-term solutions to the problem of open defecation and poor sanitation.

Swachh Bharat Mission Achievements:

The SBM has made significant progress since its launch on 2nd October 2014. More than 110 million toilets have been constructed across India, and over 600,000 villages have been declared ODF.

The Swachh Bharat Mission has also had a positive impact on public health. The incidence of diarrhoea among children under the age of five has decreased by 23% since the launch of the mission.

Swachh Bharat Mission Challenges:

Despite the progress that has been made, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. Open defecation is still a problem in many rural and suburban parts of India, and solid waste management remains a major challenge in urban areas.

Conclusion:

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a flagship program of the Government of India which has made significant progress since its launch in 2014, but there are still many challenges that need to be addressed.

The Swachh Bharat Mission is a landmark step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals-6 (SDG-6), which mandate clean water and sanitation for all. The Swachh Bharat Mission is also important for improving public health by reducing the spread of communicable diseases caused by open defecation and unhygienic practices, reducing poverty through new job creation and respecting dignity in the lives of women in India.

 

SWACHHATA HI SEVA 2023: A GARBAGE-FREE INDIA INDIA CAMPIGAN

The Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) campaign is being celebrated from September 15 to October 2, 2023, under the joint aegis of the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The theme of SHS-2023 is "Garbage Free India" with a focus on visual cleanliness and the welfare of SafaiMitras.

The campaign aims to generate a jan andolan (people's movement) through community participation, provide impetus to the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), disseminate the importance of a sampoorna swachh village (completely clean village), reinforce the concept of sanitation as everyone's business, and serve as a prelude to the Swachh Bharat Diwas (Clean India Day) on October 2.

The focus of the swachhata drives will be on high-footfall public places like bus stands, railway stations, cantonment boards, beaches, tourist places, zoos, national parks & sanctuaries, historical monuments, heritage sites, river fronts, ghats, drains, and nallahs in both rural & urban areas of State/ UT.

Some of the key activities planned for the campaign include:

1. Virtual launch by Hon'ble Minister of Jal Shakti and Hon'ble Minister of Housing & Urban Affairs

2. Virtual interaction (Samwaad) with a few selected DM/DCs, Municipal Commissioners

3. Removal of garbage from all important places

4. Repair, painting, cleaning, and branding of all sanitation assets like litter bins, public toilets, dhalaos, waste transport vehicles, MRFs, etc. in the area

5. Assistance in drives to clean riverbanks and removal of waste (including plastic) from water bodies, especially in Ganga Grams and Ganga Towns

6. Cleaning of zoos, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. under MoEFCC along with regulation of plastic materials into protected areas to prevent littering

7. Cleanliness drives of tourist spots, ASI protected monuments, along with IEC initiatives to discourage usage of single-use plastic items, saturating dry and wet waste bins in line with the Hara Geela Sookha Neela campaign, etc.

8. Cleanliness drives in Cantonment Board areas along with IEC campaigns encouraging alternatives to Single Use Plastic (SUP)

9. Cleanliness drives and awareness activities may be taken up in schools with children understanding the importance of waste segregation at source, the journey of waste, waste to wealth, and alternatives to SUP. Where possible Sanitation Clubs may be formed at schools/colleges

10. Under the campaign of 'Har Patri Saaf Sutri' cleaning of all assets under Railways including railway tracks, railway stations, colonies, hospitals, etc.

11. Conducting special programs, and cultural events promoting the sanitation journey of the country

The Swachhata Hi Seva 2023 campaign is a unique opportunity for all Indians to come together and work towards a cleaner and healthier India. By participating in the campaign, we can make a real difference in our communities and help to create a Garbage Free India.

[Article Keywords: Swachhata Hi Seva 2023, Garbage Free India, Shramdaan, Jan Andolan, Sampoorna Swachh Village, Sanitation for Everyone, Swachh Bharat Diwas, Visual Cleanliness, Welfare of SafaiMitras, High Footfall Public Places, Bus Stands, Railway Stations, Cantonment Boards, Beaches, Tourist Places, Zoos, National Parks & Sanctuaries, Historical Monuments, Heritage Sites, River Fronts, Ghats, Drains and Nallahs, Rural & Urban Areas, State/ UT, Virtual Launch, Virtual Interaction, Sanitation Assets, Litter Bins, Public Toilets, Dhalaos, Waste Transport Vehicles, MRFs, Riverbanks, Water Bodies, Ganga Grams, Ganga Towns, Protected Areas, Littering, Tourist Spots, ASI Protected Monuments, IEC Initiatives, Single Use Plastic Items, Hara Geela Sookha Neela, Cantonment Board Areas, Schools, Children, Waste Segregation at Source, Journey of Waste, Waste to Wealth, Alternatives to SUP, Sanitation Clubs, Har Patri Saaf Sutri, Railways, Railway Tracks, Railway Stations, Colonies, Hospitals, Cultural Events, Sanitation Journey of the Country.]

LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI BIRTH ANNIVERSARY: 

[Article Keywords: Lal Bahadur Shastri, Early Life, Education, Political Journey, Indian Independence Movement, 

Non-Cooperation Movement (1921), Dandi March (1930), Quit India Movement (1942), Prime Ministership, Indo-Pakistani War 1965, slogan, Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Historical Background, Leadership, Man of Peace, Legacy, Birth Anniversary, Celebration]

Introduction:

Lal Bahadur Shastri, a name etched in India's history as a symbol of simplicity and integrity, is remembered and celebrated on his birth anniversary.

Early Life and Education:

Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, in Mughalsarai, India. Despite facing financial constraints during his childhood, he displayed a keen interest in education. His dedication led him to complete his education, earning degrees in philosophy and law. 

Surname and Title Name:

Lal Bahadur Shastri's real name was Lal Bahadur Srivastava but he had dropped his Surname to reject the caste system and his childhood nickname was "Nanhey". After graduating from the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi in 1925, he was awarded the title of "Shastri". The word Shastri refers to a scholar or a person who is well-versed in the scriptures.

Political Journey:

Shastri's journey into politics began with his active involvement in the Indian independence movement. He had participated in the Non-Coopertion Movement (1921), Dandi March (1930)  and Quit India Movement (1942). He was arrested several times by the British authorities. His dedication and commitment to the cause earned him respect among fellow freedom fighters.

Leadership During Turbulent Times:

Lal Bahadur Shastri held the positions of Railway Minister, Transport and Communications Minister, Commerce and Industry Minister, and Home Minister in his political career and became India's second Prime Minister of India in 1964, succeeding Jawaharlal Nehru after his death. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by various challenges, including the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and food shortages, unemployment and poverty. He was instrumental in promoting the Green Revolution, the White Revolution and the establishment of the National Dairy Development Board in his tenure.

Slogan: "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"

One of Shastri's most memorable contributions was coining the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan," which means "Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer." This slogan not only boosted the morale of soldiers of the armed forces but also highlighted the importance of agriculture in India's progress.

Historical Background:

Lal Bahadur Shastri's leadership was crucial during a period of significant political and social change in India. He faced challenges both domestically and internationally, and his calm and composed demeanour earned him the nickname "Man of Peace." He died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on January 11, 1966, at the age of 61. Lal Bahadur Shastri was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1966 posthumously.

OCTOBER 1 WORLD EVENTS

OCTOBER 1ST WORLD EVENTS

WORLD VEGETARIAN DAY 2023:

Introduction:

World Vegetarian Day is a global event that is annually celebrated on October 1st to raise awareness of the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle which excludes meat, poultry, and fish. It is also a day to raise awareness about the ethical, environmental, and health benefits of vegetarianism.

Historical Background:

Vegetarianism has a long history, dating back to ancient times. October 1 is designated as the World Vegetarian Day in 1977 by the North American Vegetarian Society (NAVS). The North American Vegetarian Society was founded in 1850. In 1978, it was endorsed by the International Vegetarian Union which was founded in 1908.

Why Celebrate World Vegetarian Day:

World Vegetarian Day is celebrated to raise awareness of the benefits of a vegetarian lifestyle:

1. Improved health: Green Veg diets are linked to a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer.

2. Reduced environmental impact: Vegetarian diets produce fewer greenhouse gases and require less land and water than meat-based diets and overall sustain the natural Ecological balance.

3. Animal welfare: Vegetarianism helps to reduce the suffering and slaughter of animals.

US FISCAL YEAR BEGINS: 1 OCTOBER 2023

[Article Related Keywords: US fiscal year start date, fiscal year-end date, US government fiscal year, fiscal year 2023, fiscal year 2024, budget, US fiscal year, calendar year, government, organisation, financial reporting.] 

Financial Year: The financial year is defined as an accounting period of 12 months but it is different from a calendar year which starts on 1st January and ends on 31st December. The different countries adopt different dates for the start and end of their financial years which align with the budget cycle. In India, the financial year begins on 1st April and ends on 31st March.

Event Description:

The US federal government's fiscal year starts on 1st October and ends on September 30th of the following year. The US fiscal year start date is important it is the date on which the federal government begins its new budget year. 

Historical Background: The fiscal year for the US government was changed to begin on 1st October in 1976. Before that, the fiscal year began on July 1st. The change was made to give Congress more time to review and approve the budget.

DAY OF PROSECUTORS IN AZERBAIJAN: 1ST OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Day of Prosecutors Azerbaijan, Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan, professional holiday, October 1st, government agencies, enterprises, organizations, officials, citizens, President of Azerbaijan, medals, honours, festive events, concerts]

Event Description:

October 1st is the Day of Prosecutors in Azerbaijan, a professional holiday that celebrates the work of those who protect the law and uphold justice. 

                                      The Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan is an independent and constitutional, national law enforcement body. The Prosecutor General, the senior most law enforcement officer, is appointed by the President of Azerbaijan and is accountable to the Milli Majlis (Parliament) of Azerbaijan. 

The Day of Prosecutors in Azerbaijan is a time to recognize the hard work and dedication of all the prosecutors who serve  Azerbaijan. It is also a time to reaffirm the importance of the rule of law and the role of the Prosecutor's Office in protecting the rights and freedom of all citizens.

Historical Background:  

The Day of Prosecutors was established by a decree of the President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, on July 17, 1998. The decree commemorates the establishment of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan on October 1, 1918.

Geographical Location: 

Azerbaijan is an Asian country that lies in the southern Caucasus Mountain region and is surrounded by the Caspian Sea in the east, Russia and Georgia in the North, Armenia in the south and Iran in the South. Azerbaijan has also a landlocked fragmented unit that is encircled by Armenia in the east and north, Turkey in the west and Iran in the south. Its Capital Baku lies on the coast of the Caspian Sea, the lowest-lying capital city in the world below sea level. 

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF OLDER PERSONS: 1ST OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: International Day of Older Persons, older persons, resilience, contributions, ageing, elderly, seniors, elderly care, ageing population, ageing society, ageism, age discrimination]

Event Description:  

The International Day of Older Persons is a worldwide annual observance on 1st October to give importance to senior citizen's works and their valuable experiences in society. This day is intended to raise public awareness about the problems and challenges faced by senior citizens in their day-to-day lives such as physical and psychological health issues, financial insecurities, verbal abuse, physical and psychological abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, loss of respect and alienation. Senior Citizens are the storehouse of incredible knowledge and experience which they impart to the next generations free of cost. So, it is a day to remind all the policymakers, families and society at large to take care and look after the basic needs and human rights of older persons in order to enhance their social inclusion at a global level.

Theme:

The theme of 2023, the International Day of Older Persons is "Fulfilling the Promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Older Persons: Across Generations"

Historical Background: 

On 14 December 1990, the United Nations General Assembly nominated 1st October as the International Day of Older Persons. 

DAY OF DEFENDER OF UKRAINE: 1ST OCT

[Article Related Keywords:  Defender of Ukraine Day, Ukraine, Ukrainian Armed Forces, veterans, independence, territorial integrity, Russian annexation of Crimea, War in Donbas, Soviet-era Defender of the Fatherland Day, public holiday, parades, memorials, resilience]

Event Description:

The Day of the Defender of Ukraine is a nationwide annual observance on 1st October to pay tribute to the Ukrainian soldiers who sacrificed their lives while protecting the nation and its citizens from external aggression. The Defender's Day of Ukraine was officially founded by President Petro Poroshenko in 2014 after the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the war in Donbas. 

Historical Background:

Before the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. Ukraine declared its independence in 1991 but used to celebrate the Defender Of The Fatherland Day on 23rd February which was originally celebrated in the USSR. But after the attack on Crimea in 2014 this date and name both were changed to the Day of Defenders of Ukraine on the 1st of October. 

NIGERIA INDEPENDENCE DAY: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Nigeria Independence Day, October 1st, Nigeria, independence, British rule, a national holiday, flag-raising ceremonies, parades, cultural events, green and white, Nigerian flag, patriotic songs, culture, history]

Event Description:

Nigeria Independence Day is celebrated annually on October 1st to commemorate the country's independence from British Colonial rule in 1960. 

History of Nigeria Independence Day:

Nigeria was first colonized by the British in the late 19th century. Over the next several decades, Nigeria became a British protectorate and at last, became its colony. In the early 20th century, Nigerians began to demand independence from British Imperialism. In 1960, Nigeria was granted independence from the United Kingdom of Britain. On October 1st, 1960, Nigeria became a sovereign nation.

THIRD TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: Louisiana, Spain, France, US, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Mississippi River, New Orleans, Napoleon Bonaparte, colonial empire, North America, financial struggles, Napoleonic Wars, American navigation, military presence, American security]

Event Description:

On 1st October 1800, Spain ceded Louisiana to France in accordance with the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoleon Bonaparte saw Louisiana as a valuable asset and wanted to rebuild France's colonial empire in North America. The treaty was highly confidential and was signed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of France and Spanish Prime Minister Manuel Godoy.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ACT: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: NASA, NACA, National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Space Race, Apollo program, Apollo 11, robotic spacecraft, Space Shuttle, International Space Station, human spaceflight, robotic exploration, Earth science research, aeronautics research]

On October 1, 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Act was signed into law, creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA replaced the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which had been responsible for aeronautical research in the United States since 1915.

INTERNATIONAL COFFEE DAY: 1st OCTOBER

[Article Related Keywords: International Coffee Day, coffee, beverage, coffee industry, International Coffee Organization (ICO), coffee growers, baristas, roasters, coffee brewing, coffee shop, local roaster, coffee farmer, social media, donate to charity]

Event Description: 

International Coffee Day is celebrated on October 1st every year to promote coffee and its culture around the world. It is a day to celebrate the people who grow, roast, and brew our coffee, and to enjoy the many ways that coffee brings us together.

Historical Background Of International Coffee Day

In the past, different countries celebrated their own Coffee Day on different days. The Member States of the International Coffee Organisation decided to designate an International Coffee Day on 1 October across the world in 2014.

International Coffee Day was first celebrated in 2015, and it has quickly become a global event. On this day, coffee lovers around the world come together to celebrate their favourite beverage. Many coffee shops offer discounts and promotions on International Coffee Day, and there are often special events and celebrations held around the world.

Coffee is more than just a beverage. It is also a social and cultural phenomenon. Coffee shops are often seen as places where people can come together to socialize, work, or simply relax. Coffee is also a part of many different cultural traditions and rituals.

International Coffee Day is a great opportunity to learn more about coffee and its impact on the world. It is also a great opportunity to celebrate your love of coffee with other coffee lovers around the world.

SEPTEMBER 24 WORLD EVENTS

ANNIVERSARY OF FAILED ATACK ON LOME, TOGO: 24 SEPTEMBER 

[Article Related Keywords: Anniversary of Failed Attack on Lomé, Togo, failed coup attempt, Togo, Gnassingbé Eyadéma, political instability, resilience, democracy, peace]

Geographical Location:

Togo is a Sub-Saharan West African country sandwiched between Ghana to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Benin to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Lome is the port capital city situated on the bank of the Gulf of Guinea.

Event Description: 

The Anniversary of the Failed Attack on Lomé, Togo is annually celebrated on September 24th. It commemorates the unsuccessful coup attempt that took place in the capital city of Togo on 24 September 1986. The coup was led by a group of exiled Togolese dissidents, who crossed the border from Ghana in an attempt to overthrow the government of President General Gnassingbé Eyadéma. The coup attempt was quickly foiled by Togolese security forces, and the dissidents were either killed or captured. This day is not a public holiday and is celebrated as a reminder of the country's history of political instability, but also of the resilience of the Togolese people in the face of adversity. This year (2023) marks the 37th Anniversary of the failed coup.

PERU'S ARMED FORCES DAY: 24 SEPTEMBER 

Geographical Location:

Peru is a South American country situated on the western coast of the South Pacific Ocean. Peru lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn whose capital port city is Lima. It is bounded by Colombia and Ecuador in the north, Brazil and Bolivia in the east and Chile is its southern neighbour.

Event Description: 

Armed Forces Day is annually celebrated on September 24th in Peru to honour the Peruvian Defence Forces, which are made up of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. They played a major role in Peru's independence from Spain in the early 19th century, and they have continued to defend Peru's sovereignty and territorial integrity ever since.

 

The Peruvian Armed Forces also play an important role in civil defence, disaster management and humanitarian missions in times of need besides playing a significant role in the economic and social development of the country and in promoting national unity.  

Armed Forces Day was established in 1977 through a Supreme Decree and the date of September 24 was chosen due to the consecration of the Virgin of La Merced as Patroness of the Armed Institutes and Grand Marshal of Peru.

NATIONAL PUNCTUATION DAY: 24 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: Punctuation Day, September 24th, punctuation, writing, communication, clarity, effectiveness, moods, effects, period, comma, semicolon, colon, question mark, exclamation point, proofread]

Event Description:

National Punctuation Day is celebrated annually on September 24th in the US since 2004. A day marked for the importance of punctuation in our language helps us to read and understand the text more easily and also helps us to write more clearly and effectively. Punctuation Day is observed to educate people on the correct use of punctuation which makes communication effective and more meaningful. Punctuation refers to marks and signs used to separate sentences, ideas and clauses, to indicate pauses, and to show the relationship between words and phrases. They can also be used to convey emotion and tone.

Background:

Punctuation Day was established in 2004 by an American professional speaker Jeff Rubin who used to train companies, organizations, and professional agencies about effective writing and communication skills.

History Of Punctuation:

1. The first punctuation mark was the period, which was used in ancient Greece and Rome.

2. The comma was invented in the 3rd century BC by Aristophanes of Byzantium.

3. The semicolon was invented in the 15th century by Aldus Manutius.

4. The colon was invented in the 16th century by Niccolò Machiavelli.

5. The question mark and exclamation point were invented in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg.

Trending Punctuation:

# and @ are the most trending punctuation marks used nowadays.

CONSTITUTIONAL DAY OF CAMBODIA: 24 SEPTEMBER

Event Description:

Constitutional Day is an annual celebration on 24 September in Cambodia to commemorate the adoption of the Cambodian Constitution in 1993. The Constitution established Cambodia as a constitutional monarchy and enshrined a number of fundamental rights and freedoms for the Cambodian people, including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to freedom of expression, opinion, and assembly; and the right to a fair trial.

Background:

On this date in 1933, the Cambodian Constitution was signed by the late King Father Norodom Sihanouk and was officially promulgated after the National Assembly approved it.

BATTLE OF MONTERREY: 21 TO 24 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: Battle of Monterrey, Mexican-American War, Zachary Taylor, Pedro de Ampudia, Monterrey, Mexico, turning point, pitched battle, strategic victory, casualties, destruction, diplomacy, cooperation]

Event Description:

The Battle of Monterrey was a subset of the Mexican-American War which took place from September 21 to 24, 1846, between the American army and the Mexican army. The Americans attacked Monterrey City from the east and west, and the Mexicans put up a strong defence. This war lasted for four days and on the fourth day, the Americans launched a final assault and captured the city.

The Mexican-American War began on May 13, 1846, and ended on February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

NEW CALEDONIA DAY: NEW CALEDONIA CITIZENSHIP DAY 24 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: New Caledonia Day, September 24th, French overseas collectivity, South Pacific, Kanak people, French culture, Melanesian culture, Polynesians, Asians, Europeans, celebration, diversity, multiculturalism]

Geographical Location:

New Caledonia is an archipelago in Melanesia, which comprises the principal island of Grande Terre and several groups of smaller islands. New Caledonia is located in the South Pacific Ocean just above the Tropic of Capricorn and to the east of Australia and west of Fiji.

Event Description:

New Caledonia Day is celebrated on September 24th each year to commemorate the date in 1853 when the French took formal possession of the archipelago. The holiday is also known as Citizenship Day, as it marks the day that New Caledonian people were granted French citizenship in 1957.

Historical Background:

New Caledonia had been under French Rule since 1853. It was discovered by James Cook, a British navigator in 1774 who had christened this archipelago country as New Caledonia which was inhibited by the native Kanaks.

On September 24, 1853, French Admiral Febvrier Despointes officially declared New Caledonia a French colony. It was originally used as a penal colony for criminals and political prisoners. In 1946, it became an overseas territory. Several years later, all New Caledonians were granted French citizenship.

The Noumea Accord was signed in 1988 to give New Caledonia progressive governing independence but its residents cast their vote to remain in the Guardianship of France in the last three referendums held in the years 2018, 2020 and 2021.

US CLIFFORD-ELSEY REPORT: TOP SECRET REPORT ON THE SOVIET UNION (USSR) COLD WAR

[Article Related Keywords: Clark Clifford, Cold War, George Elsey, Harry S. Truman, Subject Military, History Political, History, US History since 1945, Clifford-Elsey Report, Soviet Union, Cold War, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, Cold War documents, declassified documents]

Event Description:

The Clifford-Elsey Report was a top-secret report on the Soviet Union that was presented to the USA's 33rd President Harry S. Truman on 24 September 1946. The report was commissioned by Truman in response to growing concerns about the Soviet Union's intentions in the aftermath of World War II.

Clifford-Elsey Report:

The report was jointly compiled by Clark Clifford, a White House counsel, and George Elsey, a State Department official. It was considered the brainchild of US foreign policy after World War II and in the era of the Cold War in a tense atmosphere of USSR geopolitical expansion policy. The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are the offshoots of the Clifford-Elsey Report. The report created an aura of distrust and chariness in foreign policy between the USA and the USSR for decades. It helped to convince Truman that the United States was required to adopt a more confrontational approach to the Soviet Union. The report concluded that the Soviet Union was a totalitarian state that was hostile to the United States and its allies. It also warned that the Soviet Union was likely to expand its influence in Europe and Asia in the years to come.

TRENDING NEWS OF INDIA AND ABROAD

New York City Experiences Wettest Day in Decades, Causing Major Flooding and Transportation Disruptions

[Article Related Keywords: New York City, wettest day in decades, flooding, transportation disruptions, subway, commuter rail, LaGuardia Airport, John F. Kennedy Airport, Hurricane Donna, National Weather Service, Brooklyn]

New York City experienced its wettest day in decades on Friday, September 30, 2023, as heavy rainfall caused major flooding and transportation disruptions. Some 8.65 inches of rain fell at John F. Kennedy Airport, surpassing the record for any September day set during Hurricane Donna in 1960. Parts of Brooklyn saw more than 7.25 inches of rain, with at least one spot recording 2.5 inches in a single hour.

The flooding caused widespread damage to homes and businesses and disrupted transportation throughout the city. Several subway and commuter rail lines were knocked out, and drivers were stranded on flooded highways. Some streets were turned into small lakes, and a terminal at LaGuardia Airport was shut down for hours.

New York City Mayor Eric Adams declared a state of emergency in response to the flooding. City officials urged residents to stay home if possible and to avoid travel unless absolutely necessary.

The flooding is a reminder of the growing threat of climate change. As the planet warms, extreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe. City officials are working to improve the city's infrastructure to make it more resilient to flooding and other climate change impacts.

New York City's devastating flooding on Friday, September 30, 2023, evoked memories of the tragic Hurricane Ida in 2021, which killed at least 13 people in the city, mostly in flooded basement apartments.

Fortunately, no deaths or severe injuries have been reported from the latest flooding. But the damage to homes and businesses is extensive, and the storm has stirred up frightening memories for many New Yorkers.

The flooding is a reminder of the growing threat of climate change. As the planet warms, extreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe. City officials are working to improve the city's infrastructure to make it more resilient to flooding and other climate change impacts.

Rs 2,000 Banknote Exchange Deadline Extended to October 7, 2023: New Rules and Procedures

[Article Related Keywords: Rs 2,000 banknotes, deadline extension, exchange limit, RBI Issue Offices, Indian bank accounts, valid identity documents, RBI's due diligence procedures, law enforcement agencies, government departments, public authorities, grievances, RBI-Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021, demonetisation, currency requirements]

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has extended the deadline for exchanging or depositing Rs 2,000 banknotes from September 30, 2023, to October 7, 2023. After this date, Rs 2,000 banknotes will no longer be accepted at bank branches. However, individuals and entities can still exchange Rs 2,000 banknotes at the 19 RBI Issue Offices, with a limit of Rs 20,000 per transaction.

Here are the new procedures for exchanging Rs 2,000 banknotes, effective from October 8, 2023:

1. Deposits or exchanges at bank branches will no longer be accepted.

2. Individuals and entities can exchange Rs 2,000 banknotes at the 19 RBI Issue Offices, with a limit of Rs 20,000 per transaction.

3. Individuals and entities can also deposit Rs 2,000 banknotes at the 19 RBI Issue Offices and credit them to their Indian bank accounts.

4. Domestic individuals and entities have the option to send Rs 2,000 banknotes via India Post to any of the 19 RBI Issue Offices for crediting to their bank accounts in India.

5. Courts, law enforcement agencies, government departments, or other public authorities involved in investigations or enforcement can deposit or exchange Rs 2,000 banknotes at any of the 19 RBI Issue Offices without any set limit.

Background: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the Rs 2,000 denomination banknote in November 2016 to quickly meet the currency requirements of the economy following the demonetisation of all Rs 500 and Rs 1000 banknotes in circulation at that time. However, the production of Rs 2,000 banknotes ceased in 2018-19 after achieving this objective and with an ample supply of banknotes in other denominations.

According to the RBI website, a majority of the Rs 2,000 denomination notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached the end of their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years. Additionally, the RBI has observed that this denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and the stock of banknotes in other denominations continues to be sufficient to meet the currency requirements of the public.

SEPTEMBER 23 WORLD EVENTS 

INTERNATIONAL CELEBRATE BISEXUALITY DAY: BI+AWARENWSS WEEK OR #BIWEEK -16 TO 23 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: bisexual rights, bisexual community, bisexual visibility, International Celebrate Bisexuality Day, LGBT community, marginalization, discrimination, celebration, culture, history, norms, awareness, challenges]

Introduction: International Celebrate Bisexuality Day is an annual observance celebrated on September 22nd throughout the world. It was created in the US by three bisexual rights activists to give social recognition, social acceptance and basic rights to the bisexual community that was often devalued, discriminated and marginalised in mainstream society. The aim of Bisexuality Day is to impart social inclusion, history and cultural acceptance, and reduce stereotypes associated with them. They used to face many challenges in their day-to-day life apart from social division and inequalities due to their bisexual identity.

Definition of Bisexual: The term “bisexual” is used to describe an individual who experiences or engages in emotional, romantic and sexual attractions or relationships with more than one sex or gender, at some times and not others.

Background: The International Celebrate Bisexuality Day or Bi Visibility Day was created in 1999 by three bisexual rights activists viz. Wendy Curry, Michael Page, and Gigi Raven Wilbur in the USA in 1999. The bisexual community's flag comprises purple, blue, and pink colours. The psychology of Monosexism and Biphobia is the root cause of their discrimination and social rejection and deprives them of their social, economic and political rights. In the US various steps were taken for the betterment of the Bisexual Community by the Judiciary and Legislative and they are also admitted to the defence sector.

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF SIGN AND LANGUAGES:

Introduction: The day of 23 September marks the annual observance of the International Day Of Sign and Languages which was first observed in 2018 to promote and support sign languages and acknowledge the identity, social inclusion and acceptance of deaf individuals in our society. This day facilitates sign language as a chief mode of communication for those who suffer from hearing impairs and to enhance their interaction in society. The theme for 2023 - International Day Of Sign and Languages: A World Where Deaf People Can Sign Anywhere. In India, the deaf and other disabled individuals are now termed Divyanga (दिव्याङ्ग) which refers to a “divine body.”

Definition of Sign Languages: The languages of signs are speechless gestures of an individual's body parts or expressions for communication. It includes facial gestures, lip movement, and body language.

Background: The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), is a global organization that was established in Rome, Italy with the aim to fight for the deaf community's human rights and the preservation of sign languages and deaf cultures. WFD proposed the UN to mark its foundation day, 23 September 1951, as the International Day Of Sign and Languages. The International Day of Sign Languages was first celebrated in 2018 as part of the International Week of the Deaf after the acceptance of its proposal by UNGA in 2017.

US NATIONAL PUBLIC LANDS: 23 SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: National Public Lands Day, volunteer, public lands, environment, stewardship, recreation, education]

National Public Lands Day is an annual event celebrated on the fourth Saturday of September in the US. It was the largest single-day volunteer event for public lands in 2022.

National Public Lands Day is an opportunity to get involved in the community and help protect US public lands. Volunteers participate in a variety of projects to help care for public lands, such as planting trees, cleaning up trails, removing invasive species, and restoring habitat.

JABALIA CAMP INCIDENT DURING ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT: 23 SEPTEMBER 2005

The Jabalia Camp incident was a controversial event that occurred on September 23, 2005, during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. A group of Hamas militants were holding a rally in the Jabalia refugee camp in the Gaza Strip to celebrate the recent Israeli disengagement from Gaza. During the rally, there was an explosion that killed at least 19 Palestinians, including both militants and civilians.

DISCOVERY OF NEPTUNE: NEPTUNE DAY: 22 SEP. 1846

Neptune, the eighth and outermost planet in our solar system, was discovered on September 23, 1846, by German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle at Berlin Observatory. Galle's discovery was the culmination of a decade of work by astronomers around the world, who had observed irregularities in the orbit of Uranus that suggested the existence of an unseen planet beyond it.

The most significant contribution to the discovery of Neptune was made by French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier, who used Newton's laws of gravity to calculate the position of the unseen planet. Le Verrier's calculations were so accurate that Galle was able to find Neptune within one degree of its predicted position on the first night of his search.

AMERICAN NAVAL VICTORY IN BATTLE OF FLAMBOROUGH HEAD: 23 SEPTEMBER 1779

The Battle of Flamborough Head was a naval battle that occurred on September 23, 1779, in the North Sea between the French-American joint naval force and the British navy in which the former head was a Navy officer John Paul Jones became victorious.

VOLKSWAGEN EMISSIONS SCANDAL: 23 SEPT 2015

On 18 September 2015, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice to Volkswagen that it had cheated on emissions tests. Volkswagen had programmed its cars to turn on pollution controls only during testing. In real-world driving, the cars emitted up to 40 times more pollution than allowed by law. Volkswagen CEO Martin Winterkorn resigns on 23 September 2015. The Volkswagen Emission Scandal is also known as Dieselgate or Emissionsgate.

CASCADE MALL SHOOTING: 23 SEPTEMBER 2016

The Cascade Mall shooting was a senseless tragedy that claimed the lives of five innocent people. It was also a wake-up call to the Burlington community, and to the US as a whole, about the dangers of gun violence and mental illness. The shooter, Arcan Cetin, was a young man with a troubled past. He had a history of mental illness. On the day of the shooting, Cetin entered the Cascade Mall, Burlington, Washington, armed with an assault rifle and a handgun. He opened fire in the mall's food court, killing five and injuring many.

SAUDI NATIONAL DAY: 23rd SEPTEMBER

[Article Related Keywords: Saudi National Day, September 23rd, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, unification, festivities, parades, fireworks, cultural performances, tradition, history, culture, achievements]

 

Geographical Location: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is situated in West Africa and covers most part of the Arabian Peninsula. This country's capital is Riyadh and is the birthplace of the Muslim Religion, famous for the Mecca and Medina Pilgrimage.

Event Description: 

Saudi Arabi National Day is an annual celebration on 23rd September in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to commemorate the unification of the Kingdom and its foundation by King Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud in 1932. 

THE CURRENT TRENDING NEWS:

DISEASE X: Scientists across the world are issuing warnings about a new potential pandemic called 'Disease X'. They say this disease could be 20 times deadlier than the Wuhan Virus.  Disease X is an unknown pathogen that could cause a serious international epidemic. The experts will recommend a list of priority pathogens that need further research and investment. The process will include both scientific and public health criteria, as well as criteria related to socioeconomic impact, access, and equity. The current list includes COVID-19, Crimean-Cong haemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease, Lassa fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Nipah and henipaviral diseases, Rift Valley fever, Zika and Disease X. It may have a similar impact as the Spanish Flu.

The WHO dubbed the potential next pandemic as Disease X and said that it may already be on its way. According to health expert Dame Kate Bingham - who chaired the UK's vaccine taskforce in 2020, Disease X may have the capacity to result in 20 times more fatalities (approximately 50 million fatalities) as compared to Covid-19. Speaking to the Daily Mail, Bingham said, “The world will have to prepare for mass vaccination drives and deliver the doses in record time…Imagine Disease X is as infectious as measles with the fatality rate of Ebola (67 per cent). Somewhere in the world, it's replicating, and sooner or later, somebody will start feeling sick.” Currently, there is no approved vaccine available for ‘Disease X’. Stressing on the importance of scientists developing a collection of different prototype vaccines for every threatening virus family, Bingham said that just a head start on vaccines for the deadly virus may help target its specific features.

OUTBREAK OF NIPAH VIRUS IN KERALA

The Nipah virus is a rare but deadly zoonotic virus that can cause severe respiratory illness in humans. It is transmitted from fruit bats to humans, and can also be spread through direct contact with infected people or animals. The Nipah virus has a high fatality rate, ranging from 40-75%.

On August 30, 2023, a 49-year-old man died in Kozhikode district of Kerala, India, after testing positive for the Nipah virus. This was the first confirmed case of Nipah in Kerala since 2021. As of September 26, 2023, there have been two deaths and six confirmed cases of the Nipah virus in Kerala. Kozhikode: The government has withdrawn the Nipah containment zones in Vadakara taluk. However, the general restrictions on public gatherings would continue. People are asked to avoid unnecessary gatherings until October 1. Face masks and hand hygiene are strictly enforced.

The Kerala government has taken a number of steps to control the outbreak, including:

Contact tracing and quarantine of all high-risk contacts

Surveillance and testing of suspected cases

Public education and awareness campaigns

Closure of schools and other public places in the affected area

The World Health Organization (WHO) is also providing technical support to the Kerala government.

Symptoms of Nipah virus infection

The symptoms of Nipah virus infection typically appear within 4-14 days of exposure. The early symptoms of Nipah virus infection are similar to those of other respiratory illnesses, such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and cough. However, the virus can progress to more severe symptoms, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), seizures, and coma.

Prevention of Nipah virus infection

There is no vaccine or specific treatment for Nipah virus infection. However, there are a number of things that people can do to reduce their risk of exposure to the virus, including:

Avoiding contact with fruit bats and their urine or droppings

Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating them

Cooking meat and eggs thoroughly

Avoiding close contact with people who are sick with Nipah virus